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THE 


MYRON 


C.CLARK PUBLISHING CO. 



FIELD SYSTEM 



"X 



FRANK B. GILBRETH 

M. Am. SocVm.E. 
GENERAL CONTRACTOR 

NEW YORK 



NEW YORK AND CHICAGO 

THE MYRON C. CLARK PUBLISHING CO. 

1908 



(V^3- 



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Copyright 

1904-190r,-1907 

BY 

FRANK B. GILBRETH 



^-.:)Q 



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c^ 



THE GILBRETH "FIELD SYSTEM."* 



How a Successful Contractor Has Solved the Account- 
ing Problem — Loose Leaf Memoranda Take 
the Place of Cash Book, Journal and 
Ledger — High-Priced Bookkeepers 
Are Unnecessary. 



BY JOHN p. SLACK. 



Organization in the contracting field presents two 
phases which often seem to greatly diverge. One, the 
possibihties in theory, and the other, the possibiHties 
in practice. It is in the appHcation of theory, in its 
reduction to an ultimate working basis, that proof lies. 
The proof of the pudding lies in the eating no less 
truly than the proof of theory in the result of its ap- 
plication. The factor which varies, and which often 
brings apparently logical theories to an unfortunate 
conclusion, is the difference between working condi- 
tions which obtain in actuality, and ideal conditions 
which unfortunately exist only in theory. 

*This article, which appeared in "The Business World" for No- 
vember, 1907, should be read by every owner of this book, because it 
clearly outlines the dependence of Gilbreth's office system upon his "Field 
System." It shows how the loose-leaf reports from the field are made 
to serve the place of an elaborate set of books, and how it becomes 
unnecessary to employ high-priced bookkeepers. 



The direction of a large body of men of various 
degrees of intelligence, working in different localities, 
some perhaps far removed from headquarters, is a 
proposition requiring experience, brains, and a highly 
specialized training in the art of handling men. The 
large contractor executing many contracts simultane- 
ously has this proposition to face, and the problems 
which must be solved are many and puzzling. 

The manufacturer as a rule groups his tools, hu- 
man and mechanical, at one location, possibly under 
one roof, in any case in one plant. His forces, under 
effective direction, may work as a unit ; one branch 
of the industry is within sound of the whir of ma- 
chinery incident to the next step in the process of 
manufacture. Such contact makes for unity, and sys- 
tem may more nearly follow the points of least resist- 
ance. A contractor has no such grouping of his forces 
by location to aid him. One structure is erected in 
one state and another perhaps a thousand miles dis- 
tant. The one building may be a factory, the other a 
city sky-scraper. Both are structures, but further than 
this the analogy may cease. Such conditions, peculiar 
as they are to the industry, must be met by a complete- 
ness of organization, and by an effectiveness and com- 
prehensiveness of systematization, which will make for 
results in the strenuous competition which obtains in 
the building trade. 

A notable instance of the application of a work- 
ing system through which field work may be executed 
from beginning to end is found in the organization of 

4 



Frank B. Gilbreth of New York. His 'Tield Sys- 
tem" has become almost a by-word in the building 
trades^ since its completeness and efifectiveness have 
been excelled by no contractor's working system which 
has yet been devised. It is by no means the work of 
one man, or any few men. Many of the suggestions 
contained therein have emanated from the lips of the 
humblest workmen, and none of its efifectiveness is 
lost through the fact that such suggestions are ex- 
pressed in the terse, significant language of the work- 
men themselves. 

For several years previous to its lecent publica- 
tion the Gilbreth 'Tield System" was open to the in- 
spection only of the men in the employ of that organi- 
zation. Only a limited number of copies of the vol- 
ume were in existence, each being numbered, and the 
possessor of each being accountable for its return even 
to the extent of being bonded in a small sum to cover 
its loss. Notwithstanding such precautions, unscrupu- 
lous competitors sought in many ways to obtain the 
information contained in this volume. Office boys were 
bribed, certain pages were photographed, and dis- 
charged superintendents in one or two instances car- 
ried the book with them. However, its publication 
makes such attempts no longer necessary, and shows 
a most broad-minded and generous spirit on the part 
of the contractor as well. 

A feature of the Gilbreth 'Tield System'' which 
is worthy of comment, is the system of accounting 
without books, which it outlines and which has been 



in practical use by this organization for some little 
time. The idea is sufficiently broad in scope to make 
it adaptable to other than the needs of contractors 
alone, and is so economical that a number of owners 
of buildings erected by Frank B. Gilbreth, have adopt- 
ed it for use in their factories as well. As an illustra- 
tion of its effectiveness in large contracts, there may 
be cited three complete industrial towns which the 
Gilbreth organization erected, each in the phenomenal 
time of a few months ; one at Sprague's Falls, Maine, 
one at Piercefield, N. Y., and another at Canton, 
N. C. On each of these contracts the system of 
accounting without books, fully described below, was 
used, and the size of the contracts alone furnishes elo- 
quent testimony to the excellence of the system. It 
has been the execution of such contracts as the three 
above noted which has associated w^ith the Gilbreth 
name the phrase of ''towns to order" and which amply 
justifies its use. 

The Gilbreth system of accounting has been util- 
ized under all kinds of local conditions in nearly all 
the states, and in the provinces of Canada as well. It 
provides for no cash book, journal nor ledger, but in 
their place substitutes what is in fact a systematic set 
of memoranda. Their completeness is such that the 
owner may see at a glance each Saturday what the 
total cost of a given structure has been up to the previ- 
ous Thursday. The system shows furthermore, what 
the cost of materials will be for the completion of the 
job, -namely, the materials required in addition to the 

6 



check bills as compared with the initial estimate on the 
cost of the midertaking. 

The method of procedure is as follows : 
When the organization is awarded a contract, an 
estimate of the total cost is compiled and itemized in 
detail. Cost of labor and cost of the materials for 
each item that enters into the estimate ar^ separated. 
When this has been done, a copy of the estimate book 
is given to the owner for his information as well. 
When materials are to be purchased, the regular form 
of order (see O 10382, page 65) is given to the man 
furnishing the materials and a duplicate of this order 
is sent to the clerk on the job, and by him is placed on 
a Shannon File alphabetically, under the name of the 
firm furnishing the materials. On their receipt, the 
job clerk gives the person furnishing such materials a 
ticket for each portion of the shipment (see P 543, 
page 68), retaining a duplicate copy of the partial re- 
ceipt on a Shannon File. 

When goods are shipped, the firm furnishing the 
materials is required to forward duplicate bills to the 
job. These bills are immediately filed alphabetically 
on a Shannon File. The clerk permanently attaches 
the order O 10382 (page 65) to the file, and thus 
checks and approves "prices correct,'' and the terms 
and conditions of the order. The bill does not receive 
its final checking until he has attached as well a ''final 
shipment'' form such as P 543 (page 68), or the stub 
of O 10382, to the bill. After the clerk has attached to 
the bill the ''order" which checks the price, terms 

7 



and conditions, the "final shipment" receipt which 
proves the goods received on the job with quantities 
and cost correct, it is then checked and approved by 
the timekeeper (see bill stamp). The bill is then num- 
bered beginning with one, and as the bills are checked 
the latest number is placed on the top of the file and 
then bound with McGill fasteners. These bills, in 
packages of one to fifty, correspond to the journal 
pages in an ordinary set of books, and are permanent- 
ly filed numerically, whereas on the index file they 
w^ere placed alphabetically under the name of the man 
furnishing the goods. All bills of the job are then 
either on index file where they can readily be found 
alphabetically, or else they are permanently located on 
the check bill file numerically, and may be referred to 
only by their number. 

It is desirable, for many reasons other than that 
of checking up actual cost of the work as compared 
with the estimate, to have labor and material separated 
in the accounts. Consequently, the ^'M" sheet has 
been devised (see M 15702, page 62), on which bills 
for material are listed. It will be seen that one line 
is sufficient for any one bill, and that the name of the 
party furnishing the materials may be placed under 
the ''Remarks" column. The bill number column serves 
as the posted column of a ledger, while material sheec 
number will be seen on the bill stamp on the next to 
the last line. 

After bills have been listed on the ''M" sheet, they 
are filed away for reference only in case of dispute, 

8 



since the ''M" sheet will give all the information re- 
quired to the owner or the representative of the con- 
tractor who is responsible for the cost of the job not 
exceeding the estimate. 

As quickly as these ''M" sheets have been filled out, 
they are Hsted on a cost report (see CR 126, page 72). 
This cost report simply deals with the ''M'' sheet 
number, its date and its total. The system for labor 
accounting is still more simple than the method of 
recording the cost of material. The time book is 
made in triplicate, one copy of which is forwarded to 
the owner each week, one copy retained in the book 
on the job, and one copy forwarded to the main office 
of the contractor. 

The problem of eliminating the cost of entering 
footings from the time book into an ordinary ledger 
and then handling in accordance with the usual meth- 
ods, is met as follows : 

The time book (TB) sheet (page 59) is filed 
according to date, the most recent on top, and is 
secured with McGill fasteners. These time sheets are 
then entered in the first column of the cost report 
sheet (CR, page 72), merely by writing in the TB 
sheet the number, the date and the amount. It will be 
seen that the total of column number one in the 
cost report sheet (page 72) is then the total cost of 
the labor to date. Added to the total of column num- 
ber two in the cost report (the total cost of materials 
which has been actually checked as to quantities, prices 
and extensions), the cost of all checked and approved 

9 



items to date, is given. Thus far, the cost report does 
not differ in great degree from the usual form of 
book-keeping as found in every well-conducted con- 
tractor's office. It is, however, incomplete in that it 
does not contain full particulars for the information 
of the owner as to the real cost and liability of the 
contract to date. Therefore, columns numbers three, 
four and five have been added to this cost report sheet 
for the following data : 

Column three is the same as column two^, except 
that it contains the record of materials bought and 
delivered to the office direct instead of to the job. 
This column is seldom used, but occasionally it be- 
comes necessary. 

Column four is for such items as, for instance, the 
balance of $2,000 on a $5,000 plumbing contract, 
$3,000 of which, as payment on account, has been 
approved and entered on the ''M" sheets as included 
in column two. 

Column five is to include the full complement of 
**orders." Copies of these are sent by the purchasing 
department of the contractor's main office to the job 
for items such as interior marble work, etc., the 
materials for which have been purchased, and the 
work on which is being executed in some shop or 
quarry, perhaps many miles from the site of the build- 
ing. At the same time, such an item eventually be- 
comes a liability, and consequently, each week, the 
time-keeper goes through his Shannon File of ''O's'' 
(see page 65) or orders, and sees that each and every 
one not yet attached to a bill is listed in column five, 

10 



taking care to include all items of the previous week's 
cost report, minus those attached to checked bills dur- 
ing the week following. The cost report thus com- 
piled becomes useful to a great many people who are 
interested in the contract. The superintendent is con- 
stantly reminded how the labor item is running on 
his contract as compared with what is expected of 
him on the cost of labor. 

Columns numbers one, two and three of the 
cost report (page 72) show the total cost 
of check items to date, and so far as the actual 
bookkeeping is concerned, the accotmting department 
uses only these first three columns. The superin- 
tendent, contractor and owner are able to see at a 
glance how the fractional cost of the contract to date 
is comparing with the estimate made and given by the 
contractor to the owner. The item of unfinished labor 
is the only indefinite one, and variation from that 
source is narrowed down more and more closely each 
week. 

"O's" (page 65) or orders show the actual price 
for which materials will be delivered. They also show 
the comparison with the contractor's original estimate. 
It is customary with the Gilbreth organization to 
have the owner approve each ''O" before the contract 
is awarded, thus enabling the owner to see exactly 
what expenditure will be made for materials, as com- 
pared with figures in estimate book, before such ma- 
terials are actually purchased. Therefore, the only 
item left in question is the eventual total of column 
one, viz., the labor column. 

11 



In summarizing this system as a unit, and the 
functions for which it has been devised, it will be seen 
that the check bill file becomes the journal. Listing 
of bills on the '*M'' sheet (page 62) is the same as a 
ledger made up of footings of columns, while the clerk 
who simply follows out the directions written in the 
blank spaces on these manifold books, has, perhaps 
unconsciously, become a bookkeeper. This phase of 
the system has proved especially advantageous, since 
few bookkeepers are good outside men, and outside 
men are almost never good bookkeepers. Further- 
more, it comes within the comprehension of the prac- 
tical superintendent of the job, who has probably 
worked his way up from apprentice boy or a technical 
graduate, and has never had real training in the prin- 
ciples of practical bookkeeping. 

The Gilbreth system of accounting without books 
accomplishes, then, six things : 

1. It does away with experienced or high-priced 
bookkeepers. 

2. It shows the cost of the job each Saturday 
up to the previous Thursday night. 

3. It shows the owner the cost of the materials 
before they are bought. 

4. It shows constantly the comparative cost of 
the work with the contractor's estimate book. 

5. It is a system of bookkeeping without books. 
It files the original memorandum and saves cost of 
copying and errors of copying. 

6. It saves the cost of expert bookkeeping. 

12 



GENERAL OUTLINES OF FIELD SYSTEM 

This system contains the written ideas of the 
most successful men in our employ. 

In printing it we have in view the following aims : 

1. TO HAVE THE BEST PRACTICE in all 
departments put in writing for the benefit of all 
employees. 

2. TO AVOID REPEATING ORALLY, by 
putting in writing, all those instructions from which 
^here are no exceptions. 

3. TO MAINTAIN THE POLICY OF THIS 
FIRM, namely — that the best work will in the long 
run bring us the most profit, success and satisfaction. 

Maintaining this system has contributed to our 
success. It has enabled us to make a specialty of 
''speed work,'' because our superintendents, foremen 
and timekeepers are trained on the ''duplicate part" 
system. 

As our organization is built thus, like a machine, 
we can supply additional foremen, who, being already 
trained to their duties, know what is expected of them 
and can take charge of the work immediately at any 
point. 

13 



Nothing in this system hinders progress. Im- 
provements will be incorporated as approved. These 
rules in their present condition have been proved good 
by the great increase in our business during their use. 

All employees must follow these rules to the letter 
unless they receive written permission to suspend cer- 
tain rules. 

Employees who fail to abide by the spirit of these 
rules will not receive promotion. 

We shall appreciate and will pay money for sug- 
gestions that will improve this system. 



u 



UNDER OUR 
"COST-PLUS-A-FIXED-SUM" CONTRACT 

we furnish all superintendence, labor and materials, 
and complete the project for actual cost plus a fixed 
sum. To owners desiring speed combined with econ- 
omy, this form of contract has the following advan- 
tages : 

The owner's and the contractor's interests are 
made identical. 

The ozvner knows in advance exactly how much 
the contractor's profit will be. 

The ozvner s interests require that the work be 
executed in the shortest possible time at the lowest 
possible cost and with the best quality of workman- 
ship. 

The owner's interests are absolutely identical with 
those of the contractor in every one of these particu- 
lars, because his profit or salary being assured, the 
contractor's only interest is to perform the work in 
such a manner as to retain the Owner's patronage. 

The owner is relieved of the menace of ''extras" 
— all the work is done at cost. The contractor's fixed 
sum is in no way affected by the changes in the plans. 

15 



The ozvner has the benefit of all cash discounts 
for materials. 

The ozvner knows what all materials will cost be- 
fore they are purchased. 

The owner gets the benefit of the lists of mate- 
rials we have on file which the various dealers have 
in stock ready for immediate delivery. 

The owner has the advantages derived from ac- 
curate schedules and shop drawings made for our pur- 
chasing department. 

The owner has the use of our purchasing depart- 
ment, which is constantly in touch with the best class 
of sub-contractors and material dealers in several 
cities. 

The owner can purchase the materials if he so de- 
sires. 

The owner can have his excavation and founda- 
tions completed while plans for the superstructure are 
being drawn. ^ 

The owner, Engineer or Architect can make 
changes and alterations at any time without delaying 
the work. 

The owner has the benefit of the saving occasion- 
ed by special designs for all kinds of labor saving de- 
vices. 

The owner can have any number of skilled and 
carefully trained mechanics massed on his contract at 
a moment's notice. 

The owner has at his command our mechanical 
and steam engineers, and riggers for unloading and 

16 



setting all kinds of engines, boilers, pumps, machin- 
ery, shafting, piping, generators, conveyors, etc. 

The oivner, Engineer and Architect have at their 
command the services of our specially trained staff of 
civil, mechanical and concrete engineers. 

The owner knows what the contractor's profit is 
to be^ from the very outset of the work. It is the 
same amount irrespective of the cost of the work, and 
there is, therefore, no incentive for the contractor to 
produce anything but substantial and economical work. 

The ozvner has his building at a minimum cost. 

The owner has his building completed as rapidly 
as is consistent with good workmanship. 

The owner, or his authorized representative, has 
access at all times to all matters pertaining to the 
work. 

Every superintendent and foreman should use 
special efforts at all times to secure the greatest speed 
and at the same time be economical. 

Speed is more often secured by organization than 
by crowding the work with a large number of men. 

There is no way that speed can be obtained so 
easily, with so little confusion, and with so little 
trouble to the superintendent and foreman as by 
dividing the job into several portions and • then by 
dividing any one kind of work into several similar 
portions, placing a working foreman and the same 
number of men on each portion. 

Workmen like athletic contests and will enter into 
the spirit of them quite as quickly and with the same 

17 



spirit of rivalry as a college trained team. Therefore, 
the men will be interested in their work to a larger 
extent if it is understood at the time that the several 
gangs start on the several pieces of work that there 
is to be an athletic contest. 

Contests of this kind not only give great speed 
and reduce cost, but they also enable the superintend- 
ent to recognize foremen and mechanics of ability 
and promote them to higher positions. 

In carrying out this scheme, careful attention 
must be given to the following points : 

(a) The work should be divided into similar 

portions and conducted under approxi- 
mately the same conditions. 

(b) The same number of men should be on 

each portion. 

(c) The same amount and kind of plant should 

be utilized on each portion. 

(d) It has been found advisable in some cases 

to arrange the men in accordance with 
their nationality or other bonds of sym- 
pathy. 

(e) Recognition in the form of promotion or 

increase of pay to the working foreman 
whose men do the most and best work. 

An increase of 20 per cent in the total day's 
work was the result on one of our jobs because the 
superintendent permitted the pile driver gang that 
drove the most piles one day to float their country's 
flag from the top of the machine all the next day. 

18 



When contests cannot be forced by pride of vic- 
tory alone, the reward of an extra half hour or hour 
to each member of the winning gang has been found 
very efifective. On one of our jobs it was found that 
an extra hour to the winning gang unloading cars 
of brick cut down the total labor expense nearly 50 
per cent. 

Example No. 1 : If two brick walls can be 
started at the same time with the same number of 
bricklayers and laborers, the men will undoubtedly 
lay more brick than they would if no athletic contest 
were taking place. It is advisable also to place an 
even number of men on each wall so that the same 
number will be on each side of the team, and there 
can then be made a contest to see which side lays 
out its line first. 

Example No. 2: If a concrete wall is to be 
constructed, it can generally be divided up into rows 
of columns and bays, and if the same number of rows 
of columns be given to the same number of men 
and careful statistics kept as to which one can set 
up the most columns in a gi\en time, there is no 
doubt but that more work can be accomplished in 
competition than otherwise. 

Example No. 3 : If brick piers are to be con- 
structed in a basement, there should be at least as 
many bricklayers start as there are rows of piers. 
They should all start at the same time and the piers 
should be divided up preferably by rows, so that when 
a bricklayer has finished his pier, instead of taking 
the first pier that comes along he takes the next pier 

19 



in his row, so that the extent of the contest should be 
one entire row of piers for each man. 

By careful study a superintendent can divide up 
nearly every part of his work on this basis. By so 
doing, there will be less trouble for the foreman in 
charge. Money will be saved for the Owner. More 
speed will be obtained, all of which will tend to increase 
if possible the popularity of •«Cost-P!us=a=Fixed= 
Sum'* method of contracting. 



20 



GENERAL RULES 

1 A copy of this Field System must be kept in the 
office on each job. 

2 Address all communications to Frank B. Gilbreth, 
and not to any other name. They will then be at- 
tended to promptly and not treated as personal mail. 

3 Notify office of accidents at once by telephone or 
telegraph if accident is serious. Accident blanks must 
be filled out, the original mailed to insurance com- 
pany's agent, and the duplicate to New York Office 
at once. 

4 Sign ''received'' with name and date on the back 
of all plans, details, drawings or sketches (stamp in 
the middle of the plan if possible), regardless of 
where or from whom the plans are received. This 
will prevent the substitution of blueprints from altered 
tracings. 

5 Provide every convenience for Owners or Offi- 
cials who inspect your work. 

5 To prevent confusion, Superintendents must do 

business through the Architect or Engineer — not with 
the Owner direct. 

7 Estimates are not to be given by anyone, at any 

time, without first consulting the Office. 

21 



8 Foremen, Superintendents and Timekeepers 
should ask the Office for schedules of lumber, hard- 
ware, iron, etc., to assist in checking up the material 
when it is received. 

9 Dimension stone, window and door frames, and 
steel, should be checked for dimensions upon arrival 
at the job. Make full report of material received in 
damaged condition. 

10 Notify Office of shortages of windows, doors, 
steel, stone, etc., as early as possible, to avoid waiting 
later. 

11 Get receipts for all money paid and stock deliv- 
ered. 

12 When buying brick, remember that for every 
%'' that one make of brick is longer than another it 
is worth about 10 cents more per 1,000. For every 
1-16" that one make of brick is thicker than another 
it is worth about 20 cents more per 1,000. 

13 Consult Office about itemizing workmen's time 
so that costs may be compared with similar jobs and 
with our estimate book. 

14 Every Superintendent starting a job shall write 
to the Office for definite instructions as to just what 
action to take in regard to accidents to our employees. 

15 When men are wanted, ask the Office. We have 
men calling at the Office every day, and can sometimes 
send them to a job at once. Do not, however, depend 
upon the Office — get the men yourself if possible. 

16 Do not bother the Office unnecessarily. 

22 



17 Get from foremen and workmen the names and 
addresses of men in other trades who would be good 
men for us. 

18 Union laborers are to be given preference at all 
times, but no nonsense is to be taken from them. 

19 Business agents of unions are to have full oppor- 
tunity to consult job stewards. See that they confine 
themselves strictly to business. 

20 Any one of our employees found guilty of dis- 
obeying any Rule in the Field System must render an 
explanation in writing. This explanation will be filed, 
so that we may find out those who make the least 
mistakes and those who do not understand the Rules. 

21 Ignorance of the Rules in this system excuses no 
employee. 

22 No employee is to sign any agreement with any 
labor union without written permission from F. B. G. 

23 Blow one blast of whistle at 5 minutes before 
starting time. 

Two blasts at starting time. 

One blast at quitting time. 

Blasts of whistle to be not over 4 seconds long, 

24 All men are expected to quit work at quitting 
time as promptly as they began work. 

25 Keep duplicate engine bells on the job to avoid 
delay in case of a breakdown. 

26 No smoking is allowed on the job except to finish 
noon smoke — not over one half hour — and no refilling 
of pipes. All steady pay men must see that this rule 
is fully enforced. 

23 



27 On all jobs where there is a temporary privy or 
a permanent closet, there should be kept a small can 
of chloride of lime. This can best be handled in one 
pound cans. Common lime is often used as a disin- 
fectant, but is less effective and costs more. 

28 No employee is to sign an agreement with any- 
one which will place upon this firm any legal liability. 
By this is meant rights-of-way across land, use of 
buildings, etc. 

29 When placing builders' risk fire insurance be sure 
that our plant is covered, as well as the building. 
Also see that the fire insurance policies include light- 
ning and earthquake clauses. 

30 Superintendents, foremen and timekeepers are to 
provide themselves with transit, steel tape, plumb bob, 
and Sargent steel square graduated in twelfths and 
sixteenths. 

31 Our office force of civile mechanical, ^nd concrete 
engineers can be had to lay out work or assemble 
machinery. 

32 When a job is completed, superintendent and 
timekeeper must see that all plans, letters, papers, 
manifold books, etc., are returned to Office, and that 
all White List cards have been made out. 

?>?i Take advantage of average freight service where- 

ever possible. This system, which is in force on most 
railroads, is as follows : — If the usual time allowed 
for unloading cars before demurrage is charged is 
72 hours, we are allowed an average of 72 hours for 
all cars (under this system). That is, if we save 
24 hours by unloading one car in 48 hours, we can 

24 



have this time credited to us on some other car and 
thereby have 96 hours to unload that car before de- 
murrage charges commence. 

34 When piHng lumber : 

Leave wide spaces between the boards or planks, 
so that they may dry more quickly. 

Give the top layer considerable pitch, so that 
water will drain off. 

Turn the top layer over frequently to prevent 
curling. 

35 Do not allow timber to lie in the sun unpro- 
tected; it causes checking. 

36 When sending a piece of plank to the mill as a 
gauge for the working of splines, cut it out of the 
middle of the plank and not from the end. The 
ends of a plank shrink more than the rest, and splines 
worked to an end gauge will not fit. 

37 The carpenter with the best tools should be given 
preference on all work, if other qualifications are 
equal. 

38 When ordering new tools or arranging for the 
rental of plant, give preference to the Contractors' 
Machinery Rental & Transportation Company, if their 
prices are equal to those of other parties. 

39 The Superintendent will be held strictly respon- 
sible for the transit, rod, etc., sent to the job from 
the office, and, at the completion of the work, to per- 
sonally see that this is sent to the New York Office, 
and a proper record of it made in the Daily Letter. 



25 



BATTER BOARDS 

40 Batter boards should be planed on at least one 
side and set with the planed side toward the building. 
They should all be level in themselves, level with each 
other, and, if possible, level with some particular part 
of the buildings such as : Top of floor timbers, top of 
finished floor, or top of underpinning, or at even feet 
of city grade (such as 18'0"). They should have 
pencil lines carefully plumbed and labeled similar to 
the following: — 

''Outside line of footing;" ''Outside line of foun^ 
dation wall ;" "Outside Hne of brick wall ;" "Inside 
line of brick wall ;" "Inside line of foundation wall ;" 
"Inside line of footing.'' A little extra money spent 
on batter boards zcill not only facilitate the zvork but 
is good insurance against mistakes, 

41 A few bundles of strapping may often be used 
to advantage as measuring poles, measuring sticks 
for masons, etc. Order some when getting first load 
of lumber for batter boards. 



ADDITIONS AND CHANGES 

42 Changes from the original plans and specifica- 
tions must be ordered by the Architect or Engineer 
in writing. Insisting upon this rule may cause a 
battle, but it is best to have the battle before the ex- 
pense is incurred, — not after. No exception to this 
rule is to be made in favor of any Architect or En- 
gineer. 

43 Ask the office for numbers to be assigned to sub- 
divisions. 

TELEPHONE 

44 The telephone is to be placed so that the person 
using it can look out on the work while waiting. 

45 Long distance telephone calls must be recorded. 
Get blank form for this from the Office and hang 
beside the telephone. 

46 Post on the outside of the locker the location of 
the nearest tire alarm box. 

47 Post near the telephone the call numbers for the 
hospitals, ambulance, police and tire department. 

48 Make sub-contractors pay their proportion for 
use of telephone. 

27 



J 



PRIZES FOR 
SUGGESTIONS 



We desire to secure improvement in all departments of our business, and 
to this end have adopted a plan whereby employees and others may have an 
incentive" to make suggestions with the assurance that all such suggestions 
will have careful and impartial consideration. Should such suggestions 
prove of value, the suggester will thereby qualify to compete for a series of 
prizes to be awarded monthly to employees offering the best suggestions. 

Suggestions are invited from all classes of employees. No suggestion 
need be held back because it appears to be of little importance. The simplest 
ideas are often valuable. 

Suggestions lead to promotion and increased value. They show an in- 
terest in our work and organization, and a capacity for greater responsibilities. 
We invite suggestions upon methods or equipment, methods which will 
cause more speed, economy or better work, and other matters calculated to 
advance the interests of the business. 

RULES COVERING SUGGESTIONS 

All suggestions submitted will be under the supervision of Frank B. Gil- 
breth, personally. 

Write your suggestion and mail it to F. B. G. marked "personal." 
Suggestions will be considered promptly. For each suggestion that is 
accepted, the Company will award the suggester the sum of one dollar, which 
will be sent to the employee when he is notified that his suggestion has been 
accepted. We will then be at liberty to adopt the suggestion at any time at 
our option. 

PRIZES 

We will award monthly the sum of $20.00 for the most valuable sugges- 
tions received during the previous month. This amount will be divided as 
follows: 

FIRST PRIZE - - $10.00 

SECOND PRIZE - - 5.00 

THIRD PRIZE - - 3.00 

FOURTH PRIZE - 2.00 

$20.00 

METHOD OF AWARDING PRIZES 

On the first Monday of each month, employees who have made sugges- 
tions of the greatest value during the preceding month, will be awarded prizes 
in the order of the value of the suggestion. 

As soon as the awards are made, the prizes will be paid in cash, and 
notices will be posted giving the names of the prize winners, together with a 
brief description of their suggestions. 

Per Order 

FRANK B. GILBRETH 



Get a copy of this poster and tack it up on the outside of the office. 

28 



RULES FOR SUGGESTIONS AND REPORTS 

49 Reports are requested on the first clay of each 
month from everybody in our organization desiring 
promotion and are to contain suggestions — particu- 
larly in their own Department — as to how work can 
be done better, more economically, and quicker; how 
better service can be rendered to our customers, and 
how more jobs can be secured, — or any other sugges- 
tions that will tend to promote our business. 

RUBBER STAMPS 

50 The front side of handles of rubber stamps used 
in the office must be cut oflf flat, so as to avoid put- 
ting stamps on upside down. 

SIGNALS 

51 Use the following signals for elevators: 

1 — Stop ( Emergency ) 

2— Up 

3 — Down 

4 — Down slowly 

52 Use following signals on Boom Derrick: 

— Emergency stop 

Raise on hoisting fall 

(hoist behind) 

Lower on hoisting fall 

(lower behind) 

Slack out on hoisting fall 

(only when all gone) 

29 



• Raise on boom fall 

Lower on boom fall 

Hoist behind and lower 

boom 
Lower behind and raise 

boom 

SIGNS 

53 The sign ''Frank B. Gilhreth" is to be put where 
it will be the best advertisement. 

54 A portable sign "Frank B, GilhretK' is to be 
used when taking photographs of ''different views of 
the job'' where the other 'T. B. G/' signs do not 
appear. 

55 The following signs will be furnished on appli- 
cation to the Office: — 



No Admittance to Engine House 

Conversation with Engineer 
Sufficient Cause for His Discharge 



No Admittance. 



These Elevators Are Dangerous 

Riding on Them Forbidden 

Anyone Riding on Them Does So 

at His Own Risk 



This last sign to be attached to the elevators. 

30 



STEADY PAY MEN 

56 All steady pay men must arrive on the job before 
the first whistle is sounded, and must remain on the 
job until quitting time, regardless of weather, but 
men will not get time for hanging around the office 
and reporting for duty. They must actually be at 
work at such things as are mentioned below. 

57 The intention of the above is to abolish the past 
customs regarding steady pay men, and applies to 
everybody, from the Superintendent down to the Ap- 
prentice Boy, inclusive. 

58 Foremen and timekeepers must report to the 
Superintendent before starting or before leaving work. 

59 Apprentices are subject to all the rules of Steady 
Pay Men. 

60 When work is stopped by bad weather Steady 
Pay Men shall keep busy, if there is no other work 
for them, at the following : 

A — Making trestles and patent horses. 

B — Repairing wheelbarrows. 

C — Repairing hods. 

D — Mending hose. 

E — Repairing engine houses and locker. 

F — Putting handles in tampers. 

31 



G — Cleaning up tool house. 
H — Cleaning transits. 
I — Preparing staging and runs. 
J — Sharpening saws. 

K — Sawing off handles of worthless shovels. 
L — Checking up lines and levels. 
M — Checking up for dimensions — all steel, win- 
dow and door frames, dimension stone, etc. 
N — Cleaning and oiling steel tapes. 

O — Cleaning roof, so that rain will not wash 
rubbish into conductor pipes. 

P — Brushing off sills and projections, so that 
mortar will not make stains from rain. 

Q — Cutting arches and other fancy brickwork. 

R — Stamping and branding tools. Brands should 
not be heated too hot ; if heated more than just 
enough to show red, the letters will burn off. 

S — Examining lime to see that little or none is in 
powder. 

T — Examining cement to see if ''condemned'' 
has been erased from barrel or brand. 

U — Piling cement and lime at least 6" above the 
ground. 

V — Seeing if cement and lime are getting wet. 

W — Packing cement bags. 

X — Cleaning mortar from projections before it 

is set. 

Y — Covering masonry projections to prevent 
chipping by falling brick. 

82 



61 Pack cement bags laid flat, one on top of the 
other, in piles of 50. They can then be counted 
easily. We lose money by claims of short count when 
bags are returned. Apply to office for special tags 
and shipping directions. Freight must be prepaid 
when cement bags are returned, and hills of lading 
must be obtained in duplicate, or we shall not be able 
to obtain credit for the shipment. 

62 Pile cement and lime in the store-house so that 
the oldest will come out first. 

63 Superintendents and foremen have authority to 
make such tool boxes as may be needed for storing 
small tools, such as dolly rolls, drills, points, chisels, 
hammers, saws, axes, boring machines, etc. 

64 Timekeepers will be held responsible for any 
shortcomings of Superintendents, and vice versa. 

65 Apprentice boys should be worked to their full 
capacity. Help them in every possible way to learn 
and get promoted. Answer all their questions about 
work and plans, that are asked in good faith. 

66 Every superintendent, timekeeper and steady pay 
man must suppress subscriptions for presents, and all 
other forms of graft. 

67 All steady pay employees, whether on the job or 
in the office, must keep the office notified of their 
addresses at all times. This rule also applies during 
vacations. 

68 Foremen masons and foremen carpenters should 
each go out of their way to accommodate the other, 
and should grant the requests of each other promptly. 



69 Foremen masons, foremen carpenters, foremen 
plasterers, and timekeepers, must work in harmony, 
because all steady pay men receive credit or blame 
according as the conduct of the job is good or bad. 
Teamwork and sacrifice hits are often more effective 
than ''grand-stand plays/' 

70 We have in the past been awarded much work 
on the basis of cost-plus-a-Hxedsum, because we have 
the reputation of handling such work as if it were 
lump-sum contract work. Maintaining this reputation 
is the best service which can be rendered this firm, 
as we try to merit the award of contracts to us with- 
out competition. 

71 Our steady pay men are the representatives of 
our firm : Therefore, their private character and their 
conduct outside of working hours will be counted in 
considering promotions. 

72 Superintendents are expected to handle their 
work with such skill, promptness and efficiency that 
we shall continue to merit such unsolicited letters as 
the following: 

HOLLIS FRENCH A ALLEN HUBBARD 

CONSULTING ENGINEERS 
Albany Bld^., Boston. 

Mr. F. B. Gilbreth, November 8, 1902. 

Federal Street, 

Boston, Mass. 
Dear Sir: — 

We are very glad to be able to write you that 
the work which you have done for us on a basis of 
cost plus commission, notably in the work of altering 
the hotel at Bellows Falls and enlarging the power 



station canal at Garvins Falls has been most satis- 
factory. 

The systematic way in which your accounts are 
rendered, and the prompt and efficient service which 
you have invariably given us has been a source of 
gratification to ourselves as well as to our clients. 

Yours truly, 
HOLLIS FRENCH & ALLEN HUBBARD 

OILS, EXPLOSIVES AND ACID 

73 Dynamite must not be stored in the tool house. 
Store it at a safe distance from the building, where 
an explosion will do the least damage. Mark the 
buildings "Dangerous/' Fly a red flag from the 
dynamite and powder shed. 

74 Dynamite buried in a box of fresh manure will 
not freeze. 

75 Thawing dynamite by placing in hot water de- 
creases its strength. 

76 Exploders should not be stored near dynamite. 

77 Gasoline barrels should be covered with oilcloth 
or wet bags to prevent evaporation, which is often a 
large item. 

78 GasoHne is never to be stored inside of a locker, 
building, or tool house. 

79 Use sand to put out burning oil, tar, asphalt, or 
gasoline. 

80 Aeid is not to be taken into the locker. The 
fumes from acid will destroy ropes and cause acci- 
dents. 



CARE OF TOOLS AND MACHINERY 

81 Brand and stamp all tools as soon as received. 

82 All tools, especially concrete mixers, are to be 
kept at all times in perfect repair. 

83 Small tools and small fittings should be kept in 
a tool box. 

84 Keep various parts of machinery together^ such 
as handles, hose, etc., for mixers ; handles, clappers, 
hose wrenches and strainers, for pumps ; crab handles 
for derricks, etc., etc. 

85 Foremen masons and carpenters must see that 
all plumb rules and spirit levels are maintained ac- 
curate. 

86 Make home-made ladders, when convenient, 
double size, i. e., with three or four joists, so as to 
permit workmen to pass on the ladder. Rungs should 
be exactly T-O" from top to top. 

87 Worn out shovels should have the handles sawed 
ofif, so that they cannot be used ; or they may be given 
to engineers for firing. Shovels cost 75 cents each; 
enough more work can be done in a short time with 
new shovels to pay for them. 

88 When suction hose is destroyed, save the coup: 
lings. 



89 Tools and machinery when shipped away should 
be complete and in working order. 

PHOTOGRAPH SYSTEM 

90 Photographs are useful as follows : 

For keeping Office employees in touch with the 
conditions on the jobs. 

For records of adjoining buildings. Photograph- 
ing the cracks over the doors and windows and in 
other places, before we start work, and again after 
our building is completed, will show whether or not 
there has been any settlement due to our work. 

For records in case of a law^ suit, discords, or 
misunderstanding. 

For advertising purposes. 

91 In all cases we want to have the men taken while 
they are at work and not standing up, posing for a 
picture. 

92 If possible keep all bystanders out of the picture. 

93 As soon as a film is taken, mark on the outside 
of the wrapper that surrounds it the contract num- 
ber, the date on which the picture was taken, and the 
name of the person taking the picture, and send the 
film thoroughly wrapped up, so as to exclude the 
light, to our regular photographer. 

94 Photographs of conditions made at the time of an 
accident are always particularly important. 

95 Unless otherwise directed, at least one roll of 
films should be taken on each job each week, and all 
pictures on that film should be taken on the same day. 

37 



96 It being desirable that the sign ''Frank B. Gil- 
hrctli' appear on all photographs, it will be necessary 
for every job to be provided with a portable sign 
which can be moved from place to place when taking 
photographs. 

97 The Superintendent will be held strictly respon- 
sible for each camera sent to the job, and at the com- 
pletion of the work to personally see that it is sent 
to the New York Office by express, with a proper 
record of it made in his Daily Letter. 

98 Use the films that are made to fit your camera, 
and no others. 

99 Load your camera in a shady place. The edges 
of the films are liable to be light struck if the camera 
is loaded in the sunlight. 

100 Don't point the camera toward the sun at any 
time, or let the sun enter the lens at the edges at all. 

101 Unless your camera has a fixed focus, carefully 
estimate your distance between the work to be pho- 
tographed and your camera, and set the focus. 

SNAP SHOTS 

102 If you must take snap shots, take them only 
when the sun is shining or the day is very bright. 

103 In snap shots, hold your camera firmly against 
your body and do not jar the camera when you press 
the button. 

104 In snap shots, use the largest diaphragm opening, 
and so let in all the light possible. 

38 



105 Do not take any snap shots indoors. It cannot 
be done with any success with ordinary lenses. 

106 Do not take snap shots after the sun has set or 
in the early morning. From 11 A. M. to 2 P. M. 
is the best time. 

TIME EXPOSURE 

107 Always make time exposures unless there are 
men or teams working. These will give you the best 
results for work where detail of building is required. 

108 Place your camera on a firm, level support, then 
use the smallest opening in the diaphragm and expose, 
say 30 seconds in sunlight, or 5 to 10 minutes on a 
dull day. (These are very rough estimates, the lens, 
light, size of opening in diaphragm, having to be con- 
sidered). 

109 Remember! There is more danger of making 
your exposure too short than too long. Ninety-nine 
out of one hundred snap shots are under-exposed. 

INTERIORS 

110 If possible, don't point the camera at windows 
where bright sun is streaming in or your whole film 
or plate will be ruined. If you must take an interior 
from such a position or facing any window, cover 
the windows with manila paper or draw the shades. 
Expose in a well-lighted room 1 minute. Expose in 
a dark or dull room 15 to 20 minutes. (These are 
very rough estimates.) 



PHOTOGRAPHING MOVING OBJECTS 

111 Use the largest diaphragm opening and quickest 
speed of the shutter. After each exposure wind up 
your fihii before you do anything else, and so avoid 
making two exposures on one film. 

112 Write clearly the contract number and date of 
taking photograph on the roll of film, after it is sealed. 

113 Orders for taking photographs must state that 
the plates are to be delivered to us with photographs. 

114 On out of town work, mail the prints to the Office, 
and express the negatives promptly to our regular 
photographer, as directed. 

115 All negatives to be dated and numbered. 

116 Prints not to be mounted. 

117 Shiny Velox paper to be used for all prints. 

NUMBERING AND DATING PHOTO- 
GRAPHS 

118 The following notation is to be used on all pho- 
tographs, the proper Contract Number, Serial Num- 
ber and date being inserted in the place indicated : 

119 By our regular photographer, as follows: 
A31- 32 -5/16/06. 

120 By the job, when taking photographs which are 
developed before going to our regular photographer: 
A29 - J32 - 4/20/07. 

121 By special inspector or others: 

A28 - B21 - 5/20/06, and in no other way. 

40 



122 Care must always be taken to use the '7/' ''B'' 
or other serial letter, so as not to duplicate pictures 
already taken. 

SUPPLIES FOR STARTING NEW CONTRACT 

123 When starting a new job, the Superintendent or 
the Timekeeper should get at once from the Office 
the following: — 

TB. (Time Book) 

M. (Material Book) 

CR, (Cost Report) 

DL. (Daily Letter) 

O. (Order Pad) 

R. (Purchase Requisition) 

PR. (Pay Roll Order) 

T. (Teaming Tickets) 

TL. (Tool List) 

QL. (Quotation List) 

Record of Telephone Calls. 

C. (Cash Account) 

Letter Heads. 

P. (Partial Shipment Pad) 

Expense Blanks. 

Masons' Line. 

Business Cards. 

Paymasters' Requisitions. 

Discharge Slips. 

41 



Field System. 

Accident Blanks. 

Brass Numbered Checks. 

White List Cards. 

Rubber Stamp: "Prices correct, etc!' 

Rubber Stamp : ''Cr!' 

Confirmation Telegram Blanks. 

Pay Envelopes. 

Suggestion Blanks. 

Prize Suggestion Notices. 

Large and small envelopes. 

Ink Pad. 

Signs, ^Trank B. Gilbreth,'^ ^^No Admittance to 
Engine House/' ''Ihese Elevators are Dan- 
gerous/' etc. 

Special Accounting Instructions. 

PERMITS 

124 Permits to occupy the sidewalk and street can 
be obtained promptly by applying at the City Hall. 

125 Permits to cross streets with a guy are obtained 
by application to the Board of Aldermen. 

126 Anyone in our employ may apply for a permit. 

127 Plans showing all water and sewer pipes in the 
street can be seen at the Water and Sewer Depart- 
ments. 



TABLES AND FORMULAE 

128 The following data will be of use in making a 
rough check on quantities : 

Granite measures 12 cu. ft. to the ton 

Crushed Granite measures 20 cu. ft. to the ton 

Broken Stone measures 20 cu. ft. to the ton 

Sand measures 20 cu. ft. to the ton 

Coal (soft, broken) measures 40 cu. ft. to the ton 

129 To find the weight of round iron and steel: — 
Square the diameter in quarter inches and divide 

by 6. The result will be the w^eight per linear foot. 

130 To find the zveight of cast iron plates: — Multiply 
the length in inches by the width in inches by the 
thickness in inches and divide by 4. The result will 
be the weight of the plates in pounds. 

131 To find the feet board measure in a stick of tim- 
ber: — Multiply the width in inches by the thickness 
in inches and divide by 12. The result will be the feet 
board measure per linear or running foot of the stick. 

See also pages 116, 117, 118, 129, 130, 136, 148, 
149, 150, 161, 167, 168 and 169. 



43 



MANIFOLD BOOKS 

132 Manifold books must be kept up to date. 

133 Manifold Book sheets must be sent to the Office 
within one day from the date of filling out, whether 
void or not. 

134 Manifold books and letters from the office must 
be kept under lock and key. 

135 Manifold book sheets must be filled out with spe- 
cial care and accuracy, as they are shown to Engineers 
and Architects as vouchers. 

136 Be sure to ahvays place the Contract Number in 
the space provided for same on all manifold forms. 

137 Fill out sub-division space on all Manifold Book 
sheets that are used for extra zvork. This is impor- 
tant, for if it is not done, the work will not be charged 
to the right account. If you do not know the Number 
of the sub-division, write ''extra work'' in the ''siib- 
divf' space, and if possible, write on the sheets what 
part of the work is referred to. 

138 ''T" tickets must be given at the time the goods 
are delivered or not at all. 

139 If satisfactory duplicate tickets are provided by 
the teamster, sign them and keep one copy for check- 
ing bill. 

44 



140 Unless teamster, provides satisfactory duplicate 
tickets, give him a "T" ticket properly made out. 

141 Never give two tickets for the same goods. 

142 Never give "T' tickets when ''O" is marked 
^'received," as you might check two bills for the same 
goods. 

143 "T" ticket and ^'O's^' are used to check bills; 
''O's" check prices, but not receipt of goods unless 
specially marked ''received;'' 'T" checks the quan- 
tities received. 

144 When giving a 'T'' ticket for receipt of a Par- 
tial Shipment on any ''O/' you are to place the 'T" 
number on the Partial Shipment blank. 

145 When teaming is done by the hour, state on the 
ticket the number of hours to be charged. 

146 When a 'T" ticket is given for stock or material 
used for extra work, the sub-division space must be 
filled out. If you do not know the number of the 
''sub-div./' write ''extra zvork" in the space. If this 
is not done, the ticket will not be charged to the right 
account. 

147 Measure all stock delivered to us, whether bought 
by weight or measurement. This applies particularly 
to sand, broken stone, granite, slate pinners, loam and 
gravel. 

148 Count enough loads of brick and measure enough 
loads of lumber to insure receiving full count. Special 
attention should be given to loads that appear under 
size. 

45 



149 If loads are short, write the name of teamster, 
number of cart, and amount of shortage on the ticket 
for the load. 

150 Give teamsters full opportunity to measure loads 
with our men. In case of disagreement as to the 
height of any load, have the top leveled off, so that 
the measurement may be accurate. 



WHERE MANIFOLD FORMS ARE TO BE 

SENT 

151 TB. White copy to Accounting De- 

partment. 
Yellow copy to Owner. 

152 M. White to Accounting Depart- 

ment. 
Yellow to Owner. 

153 CR. White, Pink and Yellow to Ac- 

counting Department. 

154 DL. White and Yellow to New York 

Office, unless otherwise in- 
structed. 

155 O. White to Dealer. 

Green to Purchasing Depart- 
ment. 

Yellow to Accounting Depart- 
ment. 

Pink to Job for reference. 

Blue to Job for checking bills. 

156 R. Green to Purchasing Depart- 

ment. 
Pink to be retained on job. 

46 



157 T. White to teamster. 

Yellow for checking bills. 

158 PR. White copy to Owner attached 

to Cash Account. 

Yellow copy to be sent to Own- 
er with TB. Sheets to which 
they apply. 

159 TL. White and Pink to man who 

will receive tools. 
Yellow copy to Boston Office. 

160 Cash Account. White Copy to New York 

Office. 
Yellow copy to Owner. 

161 P. Green to Purchasing Depart- 

ment. 
Blue to check and to attach to 
original bill. 

Yellow to be attached to dupli- 
cate bill. 

162 Final Shipment Pink to Purchasing Depart- 

Stub. ment. 

Blue attached to (original) 
final bill. 

Yellow attached to (duplicate) 
final bill. 



47 



DAILY LETTER (DL.) 

163 Daily Letter must be written by the Timekeeper 
and countersigned by the Superintendent, and must 
state the general conditions and progress of the work. 

164 Both copies of the Daily Letter are to be sent 
to the Nciv York Office each day, unless otherwise 
instructed by the Office. 

165 Special attention must be given to the importance 
of filling out every space in the left hand column. 

166 Intelligent information must be given in every 
space. 

167 When calling the attention of any individual or 
department at the Office, use a separate ''DL/' for 
each one, marking name or initials in large letters 
after ''attention off' 

168 When answering a letter from the New York 
Office, place the initials of the writer after ''attention 
of'—^t the head of the "DL." 

169 Do not have the initials of two individuals appear 
on one ''DL.," but use a separate "DL." for each 
individual or department. 

170 Do not call the attention of any individual in the 
general "DL." 

48 



171 Timekeeper and Superintendent will be held joint- 
ly and severally responsible for the accuracy of the 
daily letter, for its compliance with the field system, 
and for the omission of any information which the 
Office should know. 

172 The daily letter should cover fully the following 
points : 

A — Shortages of stock as compared with tickets. 

B — An early and complete statement when stone, 
steel, or other stock does not check with 
plans, schedules, or specifications. 

C — Delays to work due to bad weather, lack of 
plans, or other causes. 

D — Delayed instructions or plans received from 
the Owner, Architect or Inspector. 

E — A general statement of what work has been 
accomplished. 

F — A statement when important pieces of work 
have been completed. 

G — Suggestions as to how work can be done 
faster or more economically. 

H — A statement of how the Office can assist to 
rush the work. 

I — Confirm verbal orders from Owner, In- 
spector or Architect. 

J — Number of masons employed and laborers 
tending them. 

K — Number of bricks laid per hour per mason. 

L — Total number of bricks laid per day. 

M — Number of carpenters employed. 

49 



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N — Names of steady pay men and time any one 

of them is late. 
O — A statement of how much cement is wholly 

or partly caked, and who is to blame. 

P — A statement of carloads of stock received, 
giving initials and number of car, and con- 
tents of car. 

Q — Enclose office copies of manifold book tick- 
ets and stock tickets. 

R — Enclose White List cards for each good man 
leaving us. 

S — Condition of weather and temperature at 
8 a. m., 12 noon and 4 p. m. 

173 Caution: Do not recite in daily letter the receipt 
of stock for which you have enclosed tickets, 

TEAMING TICKETS (T) 

174 When we deliver goods to another party, cross 
out ''Frank B. GilhretW on a 'T'' ticket and have the 
party receiving the goods sign his own name instead. 
Give him the white copy and keep the yellow copy 
for reference. 

175 When condemned lumber, brick or cement, is 
hauled away, make the teamster sign a ''T" ticket, 
made out as directed above, so that we can get credit 
for the goods. 

176 Teaming tickets are to be signed: 

(owner's name) 

frank b. gilbreth, agent for owner. 

BY 

52 



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53 



PAY ROLL ORDER (PR) 

177 Fill out 'TR" ticket whenever a man is paid off 
at any time other than at the regular time on pay 
day, sending the white copy to Owner^ attached to 
Cash Account, and yellow copy to Owner with 'TB/' 
sheets. 

178 After the man has been paid off, place 'TR" and 
the number of the 'TR'' opposite his name or num- 
ber, in the Column for ''Remarks'' on ''TB." sheets, 
which shows that the man has been paid off. 

179 Men paid by 'TR" ticket must sign their names 
on same. 



FRANK B. GILBRETH, 

GENERAL CONTRACTOR. 



NEW YORK. 
34 WEST 26th ST. 



DISCHARGE SLIP 



DATE CON. NO.. 

TIME or OISCHARGC 

NAME OR NUMBER ^ ^... 



SUPT OR FOREMAN SIGN HERE^ — 

HAND THIS TO TIMCHCCPCR AT ONCE WITH BRASS CHECK. 
FORM S1-8-30-06-e00O 



180 When a workman is discharged, the foreman 
must make out a ''Discharge SHp" with the man's 
number and time of his discharge written on it; this 
slip to be given to the man discharged, who is then 
to hand it, with his numbered brass check, to the 
Timekeeper. 

181 A workman discharged cannot obtain his money 
unless his check is accompanied with a ''Discharge 
Slip." 



55 



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ND THIS COPY OF PAY ROLL ORDER to the office AS SOON AS WORKMAN IS FAID. 

=RANK B. GILBRETH, building contractor 

NEW YORK 
* 34 WEST 26TH ST. 

F 190 NOT TRANSFERABLE 


If this man is not an employee 
OF F. B. GILBRETH 

WRITE HIS EMPLOYER'S NAME HERE 












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56 



TIME BOOK SHEETS (TB) 

182 When men are employed on extra work see ad- 
ditional directions below. 

183 Time sheets are to be made upon our regular 
''TB." sheets, the week ending agreed upon. 

184 Keep all time books with the greatest care. 

185 Do not use a note hook. We find that most mis- 
takes in workmen's time are caused by copying. 

186 All remarks about the payroll must be written 
on the time sheet itself. 

187 The full time of every one of our men must ap- 
pear on the regular time book (''TB.'') sheets. 

188 The time of any of our workmen which is to be 
charged to extra zvork must be entered on supple- 
mentary sheets under the proper sub-division number. 
Keep separate sheets for each ''sub-div" (sub-division) 
and fill out carefully the ''snb-div' number and nature 
of ivork. Send these extra work sheets to the Office 
as soon as they are signed. If you do not know the 
number of the ''suh-div'' write ''extra work'' in the 
space. 

189 The Timekeeper shall do the figuring on the 
sheets. 

57 



190 Total each sheet separately. 

191 The Timekeeper shall make out all pay envelopes. 

192 Turn over the Yellow Copy of "TB.'' sheets with 
the pay envelopes, and the Yellow 'TR's'' which show 
on the 'TB.'' sheets, to the Owner. 

193 The Owner or his representative shall pay off 
on pay days. 

194 Send the White Copies of "TB.'' sheets to the 
New York Office as soon as the men have been paid 
off. 

195 When a workman is paid with a 'TR'' order, 
the number of the 'TR'' must be entered in the time 
book, opposite his name, in the column for ''Remarks!' 

196 State in the time hook the exact amount of time 
that steady pay men work, regardless of the basis on 
which they are paid. 

197 Consult the Office about the wages of steady pay 
men. 

198 The instructions on ''Paymasters' Requisitions'' 
must be carried out carefully. 

199 "TB.'' sheets should be signed by the representa- 
tive of the Owner before being sent to the Nezv York 
Office. 

200 Any envelopes not called for by the workmen at 
paying off time on pay days are to be kept by the 
Owner until called for by the workmen. 

201 When instructed to keep the costs of labor and 
materials on extra work or subdivisions, use "TB." 
sheets and ''M" sheets in making up costs. 

58 



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59 



MATERIAL SHEETS (M) 

202 The White Copy of the "M" sheet is to be at- 
tached to the duphcate bills which make up the ''M" 
sheet, and then sent to the Nezv York Office. 

203 The Yellow Copy of the ^^M" sheet is to be at- 
tached to the original copies of bills, which make up 
the ''M" sheet, and then turned over to the Owner. 
Bills on which there is a discount are to be handed 
to Owner immediately after being entered on ''M'' 
sheet. 

204 All ''M'' sheets to be signed by representative 
of the Owner before being sent to the New York 
Office. 

205 All cash items, excepting Pay Roll items, are to 
be entered on separate ''M" sheets. 

206 Do not hold an "M" sheet on the job because it 
is not filled, but when entering the ''M's'' on the Cost 
Report, enter them all, whether full or not, and send 
them to the New York Office. 

207 All material used, whether or not especially 
bought for extra work, must be entered on ''M" sheets. 

208 Pay special attention to charging for material left 
over from the contract, which is very often used for 
extra work or a sub -division, 

60 



209 Sub-division space must be filled out on ^'M'* 
sheets. 

210 If you do not know the Number of the ''Sub-Div" 
write ''extra work'' in the space, or a description of 
the work to which the sheet refers. 

211 ''M'' sheets must be dated, properly filled out and 
approved promptly. 

212 Be sure that your carbon copies are clear and 
distinct. 

213 Always use the same wording in the space for 
''nature of work." 

214 Orders in writing must be demanded and received 
before changes are made from original plans and speci- 
fications, whether these changes call for "extra work" 
or not. This will determine the responsibility for 
changes. 

215 Send the original written order to the Office and 
keep a copy for job reference. 

216 Ask the Office for numbers to be assigned to 
sub-divisions. 

217 To prevent confusion. Superintendents must do 
business through the Architect or Engineer — not 
through the Owner. 



61 



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62 



ORDERS (O) 

218 When ''O" form is used on the job, the green 
and yellow copies are to be sent at once to the Nezv 
York Office. 

PINK AND BLUE COPIES OF "O" :— 

219 The Pink Copy is to be kept on file in the office 
on the job and carefully preserved for reference at 
any time. The final shipment stub on the bottom of 
the pink copy is to be filled out and sent to the Nezv 
York Office as soon as the final shipment called for 
on that particular order is received. 

220 The Blue Copy is to be attached and used for 
checking the bill for the goods. The blue final ship- 
ment stub on the bottom of the copy is to be filled out 
at the same time with pink and yellow stub and is to 
be attached to and used for checking the bill. 

221 Care is to be taken in filling out final shipment 
stubs to see that no duplication of the previous part 
of the order is included. 

222 A complete description of the goods, together 
with any shortages, is to be noted in all cases. 

223 The White Copy is to be sent to dealer, with 
instructions that bills be sent in triplicate to ''Frank 
B. GilhrctW {job address). 



224 The Blue Copy of ''O" is to be attached to orig- 
inal bill after being checked. If the bill only calls 
for a partial shipment, the blue ''O'' is to be attached 
just the same, with the blue partial shipment blank. 

225 If there are a number of partial shipments on 
any ''O," the blue ''O" is to be attached to the first 
bill^ with the blue partial shipment blank which covers 
the material shown on bill. 

226 The following bills which may come in, applying 
to same "O" and which are partial shipments, will 
have blue partial shipment blanks attached ; when the 
final bill comes in, attach the blue final shipment stub. 

227 If the first bill comes in calling for the entire 
''O" and all the material has been received as shown 
on ''O," the blue final shipment stub with blue ''O'' 
is to be attached to bill. 

228 The yellow partial and final shipment blanks are 
to be attached to the duplicate bills, which are to be 
sent to the Accounting Department. 

229 Every duplicate bill is to have a yellow partial 
shipment blank attached, unless the bill which comes 
in calls for the entire ''O," or the final shipment, then 
the yellow final shipment blank is attached to duplicate 
bill. 

230 Special attention must be given to the importance 
of placing the ''O" numbers in the space provided for 
same in the "price correct, etc.'' stamp on face of bill. 
This applies particularly to the duplicate bills which 
are sent to the Accounting Department. 

231 Itemize the final shipment on the final shipment 
stub, so that the Purchasing Department can see at a 

61 



TO 

ADDRESS 

SHIP TO 

BILL TO 

SEND BILL IN 

THIS ORDER 

TO BE USED FOR 



SEND THIS COPY TO CONTRACT TO ATTACH TO AND CHECK BItLS 

FRANK B. GILBRETH, 

General Contractor 

NEW YORK, 
S« WKST 26th ST. 

DATE. 



FILLS REQUISITION 



PLEASE OEUVER TO US AS AGENTS FOR 



we ReseRVE right to cancel orocr i^ oeliverv is not made as promised 



010382 



PRICE 
DELIVERED. F. O. B. 
DATE OF DELIVERY 
SHIP VIA 

SUPERINTENDENT AND TIMEKEEPCR ARE TO COMPARE THIS ORDER IMMEDIATELY WITH REQUISITION 
AND NOTIFY OFFICE AT ONCE IF ANY MISTAKES ARE FOUND. 



CON. 
NO. 



SUB. 
DIV. 



cvcnroNC of these sheets must be ac- 
counted ran. mark evcxt sheet VOID 

THAT HAS BEEN SPOILED. COPIES MUST BE 
PRESERVED WHETHER SPOILED OR NOT 
ANO RCTURMCDTO HCWTORK OFPICK. 



FRANK 6. CILBRETH. AGENT 

ev 



TEAR OFF THIS STUB WHEN FINAL SHIPMENT IS RECEIVED AND USE FOR CHECKINQ BILLS 

FRANK B. GILBRETH, 

34 WEST ZSTH STREET, NEW YORK. 
FINAL SHIPMENT, AS ENUMERATED BELOW. CALLED FOR ON ORDER O 1033^ 
WAS RECEIVED ON FROM BY 



DESCRIPTION 



00 NOT 9CN0 IN THIS STUB UNTIL COMPLCTB e>4IPMeNT 19 RECEIVES 
WHEN PAR-HAL SHIPMENTS ARC RCCCIVCO USE VORM NO. 3» 

soRii H. Y. ro-u-nw-aoo riat. 



Icon. 
Ino_ 



SUB. 
DIV. 



65 



glance the exact amount of material which was re- 
ceived on the final shipment. If the first shipment 
calls for the entire "O/' the final shipment stub must 
show all the material shown on ''O." 

232 If goods are received at the time that the "O" 
is given, write ''received'' on ''O." If goods are not 
received until later, do not mark ''O" but give a ''T" 
ticket with ''O" number written on it. 

233 Do not in any case mark ''received'' on ''C if 
any other ticket has been given. If you do, the man 
could charge for the same goods twice. 

234 All ''O's'' must be signed as follows : 

(owner's name) 

frank b. gilbreth, agent 

BY 

235 When purchasing material, a written Order must 
be given, no matter how large or how small the order. 

236 The price is to be filled in, in every case, even if 
necessary to hold back the Order until price can be 
obtained. 

237 Fresh carbons are to be used to the extent that 
will insure perfectly plain copies. 

238 Be sure to always specify in the space provided 
for same on the colored copies of **0," what the ma- 
terial is to be used for. 

OWNER'S ORDERS 

239 If the Owner orders goods direct on his own 
order, get three copies of that order, one to be sent 
to Purchasing Department, one to Accounting De- 

66 



partment, the other to be retained on the job for 
reference. This order is to be handled exactly as 
though it were one of our own orders, being placed 
in turn in fifth and fourth columns of cost report until 
the final bill comes in, calling for the final shipment. 

240 Also make out Partial Shipment blanks on Own- 
er's Orders, and, when a final shipment comes in, use 
a partial shipment blank for the final shipment stub 
on the Owner's order only. Mark in large letters 
''final shipment on the Partial Shipment blank, so 
that we will know it is the Final Shipment. 

241 As *'0" number cannot be placed in space pro- 
vided for same on Partial Shipment blank for Ozvner's 
Orders, it will be necessary to place initials of Owner, 
and date of order in that space provided for ''O" 
number. 

PARTIAL SHIPMENT BLANK (P) 

242 Partial shipment blank is to be made out for all 
partial shipments of material, tools, plant, etc., that 
are received. 

243 No matter by whom ordered, if the complete 
shipment is received use the final shipment stub. 

244 The 'T's" are to be made out and sent in every 
night for all partial shipments received that day. 

245 The Green Copy is to be sent to the New York 
Office immediately. 

246 The Blue Copy is to be retained on the job to 
check and attach to original bill. 

67 



SEND ONE OF THESE SHEETS TO PURCHASING DEPARTMENT 
N. Y. OFFICE FOR EACH PARTIAL SHIPMENT RECEIVED. 

FRANK B. GILBRETH, 

M. AM. SOC. M. E. 

34 WEST 26TH STREET, NEW YORK. 

PARTIAL SHIPMENT, AS ENUMERATED BELOW, CALLED FOR ON ORDER O 

WAS RECEIVED ON FROM BY 



GIVE SHIPPERS NAME 



IF SHORTAGE OR MISTAKE IN SHIPMENT GIVE FULL PARTICULARS 

DESCRIPTION 



USE FORM NO, 3TC. FOR FINAL 

SHIPMENT. 
FORM NO N. Y 38 



CON. 
NO. 


SUB. 
DIV. 


P54:3 



68 



247 The Yellow Copy to be attached to duplicate bill. 

248 When a partial shipment of goods is received, the 
blue and yellow Partial Shipment blanks are to be at- 
tached to the pink ''O/' until the bills come in. 



SCNO THIS TO PURCHASING DErr. tttW YORK OFFICE IMMEDIATELY 

FRANK B. GILBRETH, 

34 WEST aSTH STREET. NEW VORK. 

PURCHASE REQUISITION 

INSTRUCTIONS 

STATE CAREFULLY ALL DETAILS NECESSARY FOR ORDERING, CATALOGUE NO., QUALITY. 
DIMENSIONS, ETC., AND IF WANTED ON ACCOUNT OF CHANGES BE PARTICULAR TO GIVE 
SOURCE OF INFORMATION, DATES OF LETTERS. NUMBERS OF DRAWINGS. AND WHAT 
CHANGES WILL BC NECESSARY IN MATERIALS ALREADY DELIVERED OR IN TRANSIT. 



Date 



Date Wanted at Destination 



THIS MATERIAL TO BE USED FOR 










ISSUED BY 

SOFT. 

TIMEKRR. 


CON. 
NO. 


SUB. 
DIV. 


THIS FORM IS 

R 157 


DO NOT WniTE BELOW 

Filled By O 

Sent Out for Pniccs. 

Bv 


this link 
Date 




Rf 


XEIVrO STAMP 



69 



PURCHASE REQUISITION (R) 

249 When material, plant, repair parts, tools, etc., 
are wanted, a requisition is to be made out, all the 
spaces being properly filled and a clear description 
of the article given. 

250 The Green Copy is then to be forwarded to the 
office at once. 

251 The Pink Copy is to be retained on the job for 
reference and for checking the Order when made out. 

252 When miscellaneous supplies or material are to 
be bought by the Owner at the job, give a requisition 
for same. 

253 Use Purchase Requisitions for everything or- 
dered and send them through the New York Office 
or Owner. 



70 



COST REPORT (CR) 

254 When Cost Reports are used on the job, the 
White, Yellow and Pink copies are to be forwarded 
at once to the Accounting Department at the New 
York Office for checking, and from there they will 
go to their respective destinations. The tissue copy 
is to be kept in the book, or filed in the office on the 
job for reference. 

255 Cost Reports are to be made up weekly and sent 
in immediately to New York Office. 

256 In the first column, headed 'TB.,'' enter sep- 
arately the number of each 'TB.'' sheet, the date and 
the total amount of each sheet. 

257 In the second column, headed ''M,'' made up on 
job, enter separately, the number and total amount of 
each ''M" sheet. 

258 In the third column, headed ''M," made up at 
Office^ enter separately the number and total of each 
office ''M" sheet, which will be given by New York 
Office as often as possible. Do not hold over Cost 
Reports for Office ''M" sheets. 

259 In the fifth column, headed 'Total of Contracts 
Not Entered," enter all ''O's" separately for material 
which has been ordered, or for contracts of work to 

71 







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72 



be done, for which bills have not been received. These 
"O's" are to appear in the fifth column of the Cost 
Report each week, until a bill comes in. If the bill 
only calls for a partial shipment on the ''O," the 
order will have to appear in the fourth column, headed 
''Proportion of Contracts Not Entered," until the final 
bill comes in calling for the final amount of the ''O" 
shown in the fourth column of Cost Report. 

260 After making out the first Cost Report, carry- 
forward the total amount of the ''TB.," and place it 
on the first line of the next Cost Report, in the column 
headed 'TB." Do likewise with totals of column 
headed ''M" made up on job, and ''JM" made up at 
Office. By carrying forward the totals each week we 
will have total 'TB.^' to date, total Job ''M'^ to date, 
and total office ''M" to date. Add these three amounts 
together, giving total of all three columns entered to 
date. 

261 It is absolutely necessary that all manifold forms 
be sent together regularly to the New York Office, 
except the forms which are to be sent in as soon 
as they are made up. 



73 



CASH ACCOUNT (C) 

262 White copies of Cash Accounts are to be sent to 
the Accounting Department at the New York Office 
weekly, unless otherwise directed. 

263 Tissue copies are to be retained in the book or 
on file in the office on the job, for reference. 

264 Yellow copies are to be sent as directed by the 
Accounting Departments. 

265 Vouchers must be obtained for all cash items, 
where possible, and attached to cash account when 
sent in. All cash items, excepting 'TR.'' items, are 
to be entered on separate ''M'' sheets before cash ac- 
counts are sent in. 

266 When entering ''M'' items from a cash account 
the White Copy of Cash Account is to be attached to 
the ''M" sheet upon which the cash items are entered, 
then sent to the New York Office. 

267 In entering items from the Cash Account, the 
Cash Account is to go through the same course as a 
bill, placing the 'Trices correct, etc." stamp on front 
of same, and inserting a bill number. 



74 



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75 



TOOL LIST (TL) 

268 Tool List rules must be followed to the letter 
whenever tools are either shipped to, or received from, 
the yard or another job, or received from a dealer. 

269 Tool lists are made in quadruplicate and contain 
directions for shipping tools. One copy must be sent 
to the office, and two copies to the man w^ho is to 
receive the tools at destination. The man who receives 
the tools will keep one copy and send one copy to our 
office, after he has written on it a list of the tools 
shipped which he did not receive. 

DIRECTIONS ON PINK AND WHITE 
SHEETS :— DUTIES OF THE MAN WHO RE- 
CEIVES THE PINK AND WHITE COPIES : 

270 Compare the Pink Copy with the White Copy 
and see if they agree. If White Copy and Pink Copy 
do not agree, notify Office, and also the man who 
shipped the tools, wherein they do not agree. 

271 Compare the White Copy with tools actually re- 
ceived. Do not change either the Pink or the White 
Copy, even if they do not agree with the tools actually 
received. 

272 Write on the Pink Copy and the White Copy full 
account of the shortage, giving teamster's name, name 

76 



of the man he works for, railroad owning car, and car 
number. 

273 Man who receives these tools will paste this Pink 
Copy in his own tool list book for reference. 

274 Send the White Copy to the Office as soon as the 
above five rules are complied with ; your contract will 
then stand charged with this corrected list or their 
value until you ship them to some other job or the 
C. M. R. & T. Co. 

DIRECTIONS ON YELLOW AND TISSUE 
SHEETS:— DUTIES OF THE OFFICE UPON 
RECEIVING THE YELLOW AND WHITE 
SHEETS : 

275 Charge destination job with these tools (i. e., file 
this Yellow Copy under number of job to which tools 
were sent). 

276 Compare the Yellow Copy with White Copy as 
soon as the White Copy is received. 

277 Credit shipping job with the tools of this list 
(i. e., file the White Copy under the contract number 
of job that shipped tools). 

278 At the completion of a contract charge it with 
the difference between the Yellow and White sheets. 



77 



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78 



L 



LIST OF TOOLS. 



Accurate Measurer and Feeder 
" Drum 
" Chutes 

" Operating Mechanism 
" Concentrating Hopper 
'' Forgings & Bolts, set. 

Acid 

Absorptiometer (brick soaker) 

Adze, carpenter 

Anvil 

Augers, boring machine dia. 
ship 

Automatic cutoff for water hose 

Axe, hand 

" long-handled 

Back stay for derrick 
Barrel, oil 
Bars, crow 
" pinch 
Battery, electric 

" for blasting 
Bells, electric 
Bellows, blacksmith's 
Bin, storage 
Blocks, snatch-clevis 

" weighted cheek 

" wood 

" single, in., wire or hemp 

" double, " 

" iron. 

" single, " 

" double, " 
Boilers, locomotive style 

'' upright 

" horizontal 



<( (( (( 

a t( ti 

t( (t (( 



Bolts 

Bolt cutter 
Boots, rubber 
Boom bracket 
Boom slewing wheel 
Boring machines 
Brand, "Gilbreth'' 
Brooms, common 

push 
Brushes, scrubbing 

" whitewash 

" wire 
Brass bushings for sheaves 
Burners, paint 
Bushings, metaline 
Buckets, hoisting 

tar 
Bull wheel of engine 

Can, oil 

Cant dogs 

Canvas (approximate size) 

Cars, brick 

" industrial railway dump 

" standard gauge push 
Carts, tip 

" 2 wheel for concrete 

" 2 wheel dump 
Chain falls, Weston 

" hoist 

" guy 

" with hook & ring long 

*' with two rings 

" scale box 

" sprocket, diam. 

" with stone dogs 



79 



^ 



LIST OF TOOLS— Continued 



Chisels, brick 
cold 
'* calking 
" cape 
'' stone 
Clips, guy 
Coal 
Couplings, brass hose 

" iron pipe 

Cross head to double elevator 

" " single 
Cutters, pipe 

Dead eye 

Derrick boom (length) 

" castings and fittings, 

complete set 
" Mast top casting 

" bottom 
" Pintle casting 
" 2 sheave brackets 
" Guy cap 
Derrick, 8 sheaves 
" Boom ring 
" 2 plain iron block 
" 1 weighted cheek block 

Falls 
" Guys 

" 6 large guy cap shackles 
" 20 guy shackles 
" Guy clips 

mast 
" spar 

foot block 
Derrick pins 

Die stock and dies for bolts 
" " " pipe 



Dippers, tin 
tar 
Dogs, stone 
Dolly bars 
Drills, blacksmith 
" machinist's 
*' hand power post 
" rose 

stone 
'* steam rock drills and tri- 
pods, complete 

Ejector, Hancock (size) 
Engines, Independent 

" ' hoisting 5^x8, No. on 

boiler 
*' hoisting 7x10 No. on 
boiler 
Elevator double single 
" on chimney (size of 
platform) 
hod 
bucket 
" supports for crosshead 

Falls, wire, approx. Igth & dia 
manila " " " " 
Faucet 
Files, sav/ 
'' flat 

" half round 
" round 
Forge, blacksmith 

" riveting 
Foot valve for centrifugal pump 
Forks, coke (handle broken 
stone) 



80 



LIST OF TOOLS— Continued 



Furnace, lead melting 
asphalt 

Gauge, steam 

Gouge 

Grates, boiler 

Grease for wire ropes 

Grindstone 

Guys, wire, diam, approx. Igth. 

Guy caps 

Guy posts, length, size 

Hammer, sledge 
hand 
bush 
" pean 
" striking 
Handles, hammer 
hoe 
pick 
maul 
tamp 
" hod 
Harness for tip carts 
Heaters, mortar 

sand 
Hods, brick 

mortar 
Holding on sledge, riveting 
Hoe, ash 

" mortar 
Hoisting engine grates 
Hooks, hinge 

tag 
Horses, framing 
trestle 
patent scaffold 



Hose, concrete mixer 
water 

" suction 

" steam 
Hose menders 
Houses, engine 
Increaser, (sizes) 

Lijector 
Inspirator 

Jacks, Gilbreth Patent 

" Albany 

" plain screw 

" Norton pat. 

" hydraulic 
Jointers, granol. walk 

Kettles, tar 

Ladders - (length) 

Ladles, melting 

Lag screws 

Lamp, office 

Lanterns 

Lewis, stone 

Line (mason's) 

Lubricators, plain oil cup 
" plain grease cup 

" sight feed oil cup 

" sight feed cyl. oiler 

" plain cylinder oiler 

Mattocks 
Maul, wooden 

" pin 
Marline 
Mast slewing rig 

*' Bull wheel for derrick 



SI 



LIST OF TOOLS— Continued 



Mast 


wire falls 


Pitch 


it 


drum attach't for engine 


Pile drivers 


Megaphones 


Pitching tool 


Mixers, concrete, gravity, 


Plank 




model serial 


" driving cap 


t( 


" Gotham pulley style 


Pliers 


ii 


*' Gilbreth rotary with 


Plow points 




engine 


Plow, soft ground 




" Gotham with engine 
" " with engine and 


" hard pan 






Plumb bob 




boiler 




n 


" United Tipping 


Points, stone 




Eng. style 


Pokers 


l( 


'' '' " with 


Pulsometer 




engine & boiler 


Punch, beam or plate 


Mops 


for waterproofing 


Pump, boiler test 


Mortar red 


diaphragm 


Mortar black 


" horizontal force 






" duplex 


Nails 




" single 


Oil, dead 


'' steam 


(( 


linseed 


" centrifugal with engine 
without " 


Packing^, round 




a 


sheet 


Reducers 


Padlocks 


Register (brick counter) 


Pails, 


galv. iron 


Rippers, staging 


n 


wood 


Roll, wood (length) 


Paint, black asphalt 


" iron (length) 


i( 


outside 


" block or dolly 


n 


inside 


Rope, wire 


it 


fireproof 


" falls 


Picks 




" guy 


Pipe, 


Akron 


" lashing 


(( 


cast-iron 


" manila 


a 


wrought iron 


" tag 


(C 


spiral steel 


Ratchets, machinist's ■ 



LIST OF TOOLS— Continued 



Saws, cross-cut 


Stamp— R B. G. 


" hand 


Steel tape length 


'' hack 


Stove, office 


'' pintle 
Salamanders 


Straight edges 
Stencils 


Sash 

Scaffold, Gilbreth patent 

Scale box, forgings, sets com- 


Strainer for suction hose 
Swing stage 


plete 


Tackles 


Scale boxes, wood 


Tampers, square 


'' iron 


" round 


Scrapers, wheel 


Tar paper 


drag 


Thimbles, galv., W. L 


Screens, sand 

" gravel 


Tipcarts 
Tongs, stone 


Screw drivers 
Sheave Brackets 
Shovels, round 


'' track 

" blacksmith 

" chain for pipe 


" square 

" snow 

'' long-handle 

" coal scoop 
Spades 
Shackles 
Sheaves 
Shims, wedges 
Signs 


Tool boxes, engine 
pump 
Tot)l chest (iron bound) 
Torches, gasoline 
Transits 

Trucks, freight handler's 
Tube cleaner 

expander or roller 


Slice bars 


Valves, safety 


Smoke pipe 


'' steam 


Spirit level 


" globe 


Staging 

ledgers 


" gate 
check 


" plank 


Vise, carpenter's bench 


poles 


" blacksmith's 


putlogs 


** machinist's 


" outriggers 


" pipe 



83 



LIST OF TOOLS— Concluded 



Wall ties, Morse 

Wall irons 

Water barrels 

Waterproofing 

Wedges, other than for Shims 

Wheels, sprocket 

Winches 

*' handles 
Wire cutters 
" electric bell 



Whistle, steam 
Wheelbarrows, wood 
iron 
" 2 wheeled for 

concrete 
Wrench, monkey 
hose 
Stilson 
socket 
spanner 
rock drill 



M 



TELEGRAMS 

279 In sending a telegram to the New York Office 
or branch offices, never sign same ''Frank B, GilbrethJ' 
Always sign the name of the sender, 

280 The only time to sign ''Frank B. Gilbreth'' is 
when corresponding with sub-contractors or dealers, 
and then sign Frank B. Gilbreth, By 

281 When sending a telegram, a copy of the original 
must be made on our regular yellow confirmation 
blank, mailing same to the party to whom the tele- 
gram is sent. 



EXPENSE ACCOUNT 

282 Each employee is to make out his own Expense 
Account. 

283 All Expense Accounts to be approved by a second 
person. 

284 All cash items to be entered in Cash Account 
book. Expense accounts to be attached as vouchers, 
when Cash Account sheet is sent in. 

85 



WHITE LIST CARDS 

285 We wish to keep track of those workmen who 
work in our interests, and to let them know when 
we need men. Get the addresses of those men who 
work faithfully. Make out a white list card for each 
good man when discharged or laid off. 

286 As any business grows, the employees lose their 
individuality with their employer. This is discour- 
aging to a workman who desires to have his efforts 
appreciated. We have devised a ''zvhite lisf card so 
that we may know what each foreman thinks of an 
employee. 

287 We shall send, to men of good records, postal 
card notifications which will put them on solid foot- 
ing with any of our foremen^ whether the men are 
known to them or not. We believe that the best class 
of workmen will appreciate our efforts and co-operate 
with us in making this system a success. 

288 Workmen who spend the least time talking with 
one another during working hours, will, if other 
qualifications are equal, receive preference when the 
work slacks down. 

289 Men who present ''white Usf notification cards 
must be given preference by our foremen at all times. 

80 



290 At the completion of the job, the Superintendent 

and Timekeeper must go over the time sheets and 
make sure that the proper White List Cards have 
been made out. 



87 



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88 



BILLS 

291 All bills are to be rendered to job in triplicate. 

292 When bills are received, check up and O. K. 
every copy, using rubber stamp for ''Quantity Cor- 
rect, Prices Correct and Extensions Correct." This 
stamp to be placed on the front of each copy in the 
lower left hand corner. 

293 'Trices Correct, etc.," stamp on face of bill must 
be filled in. 

294 Number each bill, beginning with No. 1. 

295 The original copy of all bills after being O. K.'d 
by the timekeeper and entered on "M" sheet, must 
be sent to the Owner, attached to the yellow "M" 
sheet upon which they are entered. 

296 The duplicate copy of all bills is to be sent to 
the Accounting Department attached to the white 
"M" sheet upon which it is entered. 

297 The triplicate copies of bills are to be filed 
numerically in the file provided for same on the job. 

298 All bills are to be entered on the ''M" sheet in 
the order of their number, if possible. 

299 Credit bills or corrections from material men 
must also be obtained in triplicate, and the originals 

89 



turned over to the Owner. These are also to be 
stamped, numbered and O. K/d exactly as though 
they were charges. They must also be entered on 
separate ''M" sheets, marked in large letters ''Credit." 
Duplicate copy of credit vouchers must be sent to the 
New York Office, attached to the white ''M" sheet, 
upon which they are entered. 

300 Bills must be checked up promptly and the 
original copies turned over to the Owners as soon 
as possible, to enable them to take advantage of any 
discount. 

301 It is absolutely necessary that the New York 
Office receive a copy of all bills, and therefore should 
the Owners buy any material direct, it will be neces- 
sary for the Timekeeper to secure duplicate copies 
of such bills, which must also be entered on ''M'' 
sheets. 

302 When opening accounts with new dealers, direct 
them to send bills as nearly up-to-date as possible. 

FREIGHT 

303 When paying freight, get separate receipted bills 
for each charge. 

304 Freight bills on material purchased F. O. B. 
the job, are to be turned over to the Owner without 
being entered on ''M" sheets. 

305 Freight charges for material purchased F. O. B. 
shipping point (chargeable against cost of Job) are 
to be entered on ''M" sheets. 

90 



BRICKWORK 

306 The most profitable and best bond in common 
brickwork is one course of Flemish headers and 
seven courses of stretchers, then another course of 
Flemish headers, etc. 

307 Use this bond wherever possible, except in earth- 
quake localities, in which case use full headers every 
sixth course and also metallic headers. 

308 Each bricklayer is responsible for the plumb of 
the lead, ting, corner, or angle, on which he is set 
to work. He will not be excused by the customary 
statement that it is plumb from where he took it. 
Mistakes can thus be corrected before it is too late, 
and at small cost. 

309 Foremen carpenters and foremen masons will 
be held jointly responsible for the plumb of window 
and door frames — not only that they are set plumb, 
but that they are maintained plumb, and that they 
have plenty of spreaders to keep them from being 
sprung by brickwork. 

310 Every bricklayer is responsible for the plumb of 
window and door frames adjoining his work, and 
must notify foremen of mistakes while they can be 
rectified at small cost. 

91 



311 The bricklayer on the lead that hauls in the line 
is the boss of the line and the wall. To him the 
foreman must give sufficient information to enable 
him to come to the right height for projections, beams 
and openings. He is responsible for all levels, heights, 
and accuracy of ting on the wall. 

312 The man on the ting, or man on the middle of 
the wall, must notify the man on the hauHng end of 
the line when the line is laid out, if not already 
noticed by him. 

313 The man on the leads must be specially directed 
to keep the line moving. The boss of the wall must 
call for the man on the other lead to put the line up 
promptly, and he must haul it in promptly. He is 
responsible for delays caused by other lead men not 
putting up line promptly. The money is made in 
brickwork by hauling the line promptly. It is seldom 
good practice to have the line slacked until the last 
brick is laid out. 

314 The bricklayers on the lead must stop in the 
middle of laying a brick to attend to the line. 

315 Lumpers who lay brick by the thousand give 
more attention to the line than to all other points 
combined. 

316 In no other way can foremen and timekeepers 
save so much money for the firm as by watching the 
line and seeing that it is put up the instant that the 
line is laid out. 

317 The boss of the zvall must notify foremen if 
mortar is too fat, or too sandy, or if it is not right 
in any way. 

92 



318 Boss of the wall must notify foremen if stock 
is not coming fast enough. 

319 Lay all brick with shove joints. Use the Gil- 
breth Scaffold wherever possible, because it keeps the 
mason where it is easiest for him to lay with shove 
joints. Do not economize on mortar. Do not slush 
the middle of the wall, as it prevents the next course 
from properly pushing mortar between the bricks of 
the course below. Joints must be well filled without 
slushing, except in freezing weather. 

320 Haul the line to the bottom of all projections 
and not to the top. 

321 Fill end joints of outside 4" of all exposed walls 
full of mortar. 

322 Except when prevented by certain qualities of 
mortar, the best results in jointing are obtained by 
not jointing too often: probably about once every 
staging high. The best practice is for the outsi'ie 
men to get on the inside scafifold and back up for 
another header, and not waste time jointing while 
the inside men are backing up. Boss of wall will 
say when to do jointing. 

323 When walls near ground and floors are jointed, 
it must be done with a straight edge. There is abso- 
lutely no exception to this rule. Foremen must pro- 
vide every mason with pieces of furring 8' — C for 
this purpose. 

324 We desire to maintain our present hard earned 
reputation for doing the best possible brickwork. 
The difference in cost between the best and the poor- 



est workmanship on brickwork is a very small per- 
centage of the entire cost of the contract. 

325 A bricklayer's time costs too much to have him 
do any more measuring with a rule than is abso- 
lutely necessary. Foremen should give the brick- 
layers a piece of strapping ' (2"xr' planed on one 
side) just the right length, with the entire infor- 
mation marked clearly on it. 

326 Foremen should order a few bundles of strap- 
ping with the first order for lumber. 

327 Toothers and putlog holes must be filled full of 
mortar or else they will dry out a different color 
than the other mortar. 

328 Take the greatest care to cover thoroughly with 
mortar every portion of structural steel work. This 
is often neglected on most important work. All struc- 
tural w^ork must first be freed from rust by wire 
brushes and scrapers, then painted, and then covered 
with mortar, or in time it will begin to rust, and after 
rust once begins in the wall it cannot be stopped. 
For further information on this subject see copy of 
''Cement/' Vol. 3, No. 2. Any kind of mortar helps 
to preserve iron and steel, but Portland cement is 
best. We are ready to pay for the labor and mortar 
needed to cover completely and thoroughly all struc- 
tural steel and iron. 

329 Care must be taken when zvoodcn beams are built 
into brickwork, that mortar does not touch the wood, 
as it is likely to cause dry rot. Any kind of morrar 
will cause deterioration of wood. 

94 



I 



330 The most expensive bond and also the best is 
''plumb bond'' — this can be done properly only by 
cutting notches in the edge of a piece of furring, 
holding the end of the stick to the jamb and mark- 
ing the center of each vertical joint. Many old time 
bricklayers think the same result can be obtained by 
plumbing the joints with a plumb rule. This method 
not only takes too long, but is too inaccurate for our 
work. 

331 Order wooden wedges at the mill for setting cut 
stone. Use only white pine wedges for this work. 

332 Rake joints in stone work 1" deep, and draw 
wedges before mortar is set. 



fiS 



MORTAR 

333 Lime mortar must be kept zvet while slaking. 
In addition to water hose, supply a water barrel so 
that water can be dashed by the pailful upon any 
lime that is crumbling or burning. Lime loses 
strength if allowed to ''bumf' 

334 The making of lime mortar must commence early 
enough to have it at least two weeks old before using. 
This rule must be followed notwithstanding the fact 
that the making up of considerable quantities of mor- 
tar ahead of time is expensive, because of the extra 
handling and the greater labor of tempering up. 
The older the lime mortar^ the better the work. 

335 Lime mortar must be tempered until all the white 
spots in it disappear ; otherwise these spots w^ould 
swell and break the initial set of the mortar after 
the bricks are laid. 

336 Cement must not be added to slaking lime mor- 
tar. Cement must be thoroughly mixed dry with 
sand before it is added to Hme mortar, and just 
before it is to be used. 

337 Cement mortar must be used as soon as mixed, 
unless fat mortar is more desired than strength. 

96 



338 The theory most widely accepted among cement 
experts is that cement, in setting, forms microscopic 
interlocking crystals. These crystals if broken while 
forming will never properly reunite. Therefore, 
cement, whether in mortar or concrete, should never 
be disturbed after it has once begun to set. 

339 Give mortar men, or other men most faithful to 
our interests, first chance on all overtime work, tem- 
pering tubs, etc. 

340 More bad results to cement in mortar and con- 
crete are caused by drying out too quick than from 
any other cause. Any cement dealer or cement chem- 
ist can cite hundreds of cases of unsatisfactory work 
from these causes. Therefore, wet your forms thor- 
oughly or else grease them so that they will not soak 
the water from the concrete. Wet the ground thor- 
oughly before laying concrete, and do not allow so 
much as a dry plank to lay on it for at least two 
weeks after the work is finished. 



y? 



OILING DOWN 

341 When outside walls are oiled, great precaution 
must be taken that the stone in the wall does not 
receive the slightest spot. Oil will discolor stone 
and the stain cannot be removed. Raw linseed oil 
should be used;, ^z^^'^r. boiled Hnseed oil. 

342 Washing down brick walls with acid must be 
done with the greatest care. First, spray the wall 
thoroughly with water, so that brickwork will soak 
up as much water as possible. When the acid is 
applied, use as little as you can ; it will then do its 
work on the face of the wall only, and not soak in 
and afterward appear on the face of the dry wall 
in the form of white spots, nor ruin the mortar in 
the joints. This method will not only do better work, 
but will save a large quantity of acid. Keep ropes 
away from acid or acid fumes, as a few drops of the 
acid would ruin their strength. Keep faljs out from 
under staging when washing down, or they will get 
injured by the acid and workmen may get hurt. 

343 Wash mortar from cut stone before it sets too 
hard. 



98 



SCAFFOLD 

344 Have all stagings inspected by an intelligent 
bricklayer before they are used, and have him say in 
the presence of witnesses that the staging is right, 
before the same is used. We shall then know that 
we have done everything in our power to make the 
stagings secure and to prevent accident. 

345 There are three ways of building outriggers for 
outside masons staging: — 

1 — Lash around the outrigger and the floor beam 
below with I/2" rope; turn up with twister and nail 
the twister to the outrigger. 

2 — Put eyebolts through the floor and lash in 
the same manner. 

3 — Spike a piece of 3"x4'' to the floor with 
plenty of big spikes and nail two pieces of board, 
each at least r'x6'', to the outrigger and to the 
spiking piece. This is the cheapest method and gen- 
erally the best. 

346 Use the Gilbreth Scaffold wherever possible, be- 

cause it promotes good work as well as economy. 
Use it in preference to any other form of scaffold 
on over-hand brickwork, because it enables the brick- 
layers to back up the wall solid^ every header high. 



instead of building the over-hand face as thin as 
possible staging-high and then backing up. 

347 Where great speed of construction is required, 
build staging on both sides of the wall. 

348 When two kinds of mortar are used on the 
Gilbreth Scaffold, put a temporary partition in the 
mortar box, as shown in pictures 298-25 and 298-12, 
pages 101 and 107. 

349 The middle plank, or "center board," in the 

stock platform, should be 2''xl0'' and 8' to 9' long, 

with three boards r'x8" and 1' 10'' long nailed on 
securely. It is not necessary to have the ''center 

board" the exact length between horses, as one end 

can be covered by a mortar box. These boards should 

be kept in stock and always used with the scaffold. 

350 The most convenient length for plank for the 
Gilbreth Scaffold is 12 to 14 feet. 




100 



K /o'o"- >| 

'k-F'2V 1= — ->]i 




/7(/5/? wifh S/p/e of Horse 

The Right Way. 



1^ 



The Wrong Way. 



% 



The Wrong Way. 



'^' The Wronq Way. 

The RIGHT and the WRONG way to arrange plank 
and mortar boxes on the Gilbreth Scaffold 



p -. 




Photograph 298-25 

101 



SYSTEM FOR SETTING UP THE GILBRETH 

SCAFFOLD 

351 A — Do not build wall more than 3' 8'' above 

floor before setting up scafifold. 
B — Put red side of horses against brick wall. 
C — Place horses 10' 0" apart. 
D — Hook one end of stay rod to eye bolt in 

horse and nail other end of stay rod to floor. 
E — Use no planks less than 2''xl0". 
F — Alake bricklayers' platform two planks wide. 
G — Make tenders' platform tivo planks wide. 
H — Make stock platform three planks wide. 
I — The plank on the stock platform should rest 

on only two horses, never on three horses. 

352 J — Mortar boxes never over 4' 0" apart. 

K — Never jack stock platform higher than the 
inside 4" of wall. 

L — Keep ratchet and bearings of jack v/ell 
greased. These jacks will wear out in one day unless 
thoroughly greased. It has always been difficult to 
get foremen to use enough grease on these jacks. 

It has been demonstrated, beyond the possibility 
of a doubt, that if the Gilbreth Staging is set up and 

102 



J 



jacked up in accordance with the above rules, it 
will cause an average saving of $1.00 per mason 
per day. 







J 



103 



I 

I 

Smoothest Side 
of Plank Insi(ple 



PI 



B 



g"—>^ 



B'e"- 



K- g' 




^. -^ 






-^ ./,. 





'/ Hoop Iron 
on 4- Comers 
use I "Nails 



f'/li" 



>fji'1< 



E.levcxi-ion. 



Our Standard Mortar Box 



104 



l: 




o 



t 



mt. = ) 





105 



SYSTEM FOR TAKING DOWN GILBRETH 
SCAFFOLD HORSES 

353 Take down planks, one at a time. Pull stay 

rods up from floor and unhook them. Lay each horse 
down on the floor, then slide frames down to the 
foot of the horses. Lowering frames in the horses, 
while horses are standing, will break the foot pieces 
of the horses. 



106 




Photograph 298-12 

107 





Li 




O «0 







o 

< 



II 




108 



TALL CHIMNEYS 

355 The best results in round chimneys are obtained 
by having no brick headers below the head of the 
chimney. Get permission from the Engineer or Archi- 
tect to use galvanized wire cloth ties instead of brick 
headers for bonding the outside 4". This will per- 
mit backing up full width of wall at once. 

356 The shell of a chimney must not be built into 
or touch the core, for the expansion of the core would 
crack and distort the shell. Not less than 1" play 
must be left at all points. Too much play between 
shell and core is better than too little. 

357 If the plans show the shell and the core con- 
nected in any way except at the bottom, stop the work. 

358 Plumb chimneys every 5' 0" in height with a 
mercury plumb bob. 

359 Examine the mortar of the inside 4" of the 
chimney from top to bottom every two days, to see 
that it is setting fast enough to carry the work being 
built above it. 

360 Do not economize on mortar. Lay all brick with 
a shove joint. 

361 The temporary hole left for carrying stock to the 
elevator inside of the chimney must be located directly 

109 



under the hole for the smoke flue, or else directly 
opposite (half way around the chimney) the smoke 
flue. Get permission from the engineer to locate the 
cleanout door within the limits of this temporary hole. 

362 Build the stock railway so that it pitches down 
toward the chimney. This will give speed in loading 
the elevator, for the cars will go down hill when 
loaded and up hill when empty. 

363 Build a cover T 0" from the ground to protect 
the men loading the -elevator. This cover should be 



^W 



>v,. 




Photograph 300-34 



110 



at least 2" thick, and should cover all the inside of 
the chimney except the size of the car. 

364 Build an automatic lid, strong enough for ten- 
ders to stand upon, to cover the elevator well at 
the top. 

365 Build an outside protection over men at the 
bottom of the chimney. Make this strong enough to 
stop a brick falling from the top of the chimney. 

366 Build a peach basket form on the top of the 
chimney, so that the head can be built perfect in 
shape. 

367 Get permission to build a collar under the head 
of the chimney^ to support the ''peach basket." 

368 Find out from the makers of the iron cap if 
some representative of our firm has seen the complete 
cap set up and all bolted together. This may cost 
some money, but it is in the interests of good work. 

369 Each piece or section of the iron cap must be 
self supporting on the wall. If it is not shown thus 
on the plans, notify the office immediately. 

370 Have the cap drilled and tapped with standard 
thread before leaving the shop, to support the attach- 
ing device for the lightning rod. 



Ill 



TALLEST CHIMNEY 
N GREATER BOSTON 

Height 255 Feet 

Note "peach Basket" 

Last Hundred Feet Built In 14 Days 




112 



CONCRETE 

371 Concrete should be mixed as wet as possible with- 
out having any free water to wash the cement off. the 
stone. Any man who advocates using concrete dryer 
than this has not kept up with the advances of engi- 
neering knowledge in the last few years. If, how- 
ever, your Inspector requires dry concrete, give him 
what he wants. 

372 Ram all concrete, its strength is increased nearly 
50 per cent by thorough ramming. Do not attempt 
to ram concrete under water; the cement will be 
washed off the sand and stone. 

373 In hot weather care must be taken to prevent 
concrete from drying too rapidly. Protect it from 
the sun, and, after the first 24 hours, keep it as wet 
as possible. Portland cement requires a large amount 
of water to form its crystals. You can't keep it too 
wet, the more water the better. 

374 Sand for concrete must be coarse, clean and sharp. 
If such sand is not obtainable the job must be stopped. 
Fine sand must not be used for concrete even if it 
gives good results, unless there is coarse sand mixed 
with it. 

113 



375 The better the sand is graded the less superficial 
area, and, therefore, the better it will be coated, and 
the stronger the concrete it will make with a given 
quantity of cement. 

376 On all masonry and concrete work use the exact 
quantity of cement called for in the specifications, and 
notify the Office if you do not think the proportions 
strong enough. 

377 Use telegraph wire for braces where needed. 

378 Pile cement in the storehouse so that the oldest 
will come out first. 

379 The coefficient of expansion of concrete (1-2-4) 
has been determined as .0000055 for one degree F. 
This is nearly the same as the coefficient of untem- 
pered steel, which is .0000060. 

380 The compressive strength of concrete is from 
8 to 12 times the tensile strength. 

381 The services of the Civil, Mechanical and Con- 
crete Engineers of our Office force are at the com- 
mand of Superintendents, Foremen and Timekeepers, 
to assist in designing and arranging set-ups especially 
adapted to the conditions of each particular job. 

382 Our main office has on file drawings and 
installations that we have designed and erected in all 
parts of the world, some of which are measuring, 
feeding and mixing concrete for less than one cent 
per cubic yard. 

383 Keep concrete mixers in perfect repair at all 
times by ordering duplicate parts from the United 
Concrete Machinery Company. All parts are made 

114 



to patterns, and are interchangeable with each other 
in like models. A stock is kept on hand and can be 
shipped on receipt of order. In ordering parts, give 
serial number of mixer, to be found on name-plate. 

384 Our main office has access to all drawings made 
by the United Concrete Machinery Co., makers of 
concrete machinery. 

385 Whenever cement is being used in car-load lots, 
a sample of at least ten lbs. is to be taken from each 
car, sealed^ and carefully labelled with the date and 
car number. These samples to be kept in a dry place 
until the cement in that particular car has been used 
and the concrete is in place and thoroughly set. 

385^ For further rules on concrete consult the Office. 



115 



386 The following tables will be of use in estimating 

the amounts of sand, cement, broken stone and gravel 
required, when the quantity of concrete is known. 



Concrete with Stone Dust for Artificial Stone 


Proportions of Mixture 


Required for i 


cu. yd. 








Cement 


Sand 


Stone 


cement 


Sand 


Stone 


Bbls. 


cu. yd. 


cu. yd. 




I.O 


2.0 


251 


0.38 


76 




i.o 


2-5 


2.27 


0.35 


0.86 




i-S 


2.5 


2 00 


0.46 


0.76 




1. 5 


3 


1.83 


0.42 


0.84 




2.0 


3 


1.65 


0.50 


0.75 




2.0 


4 


1.44 


0.44 


88 




2 5 


4.0 


1.33 


0.50 


81 




2-5 


5.0 


1. 18 


0.4S 


0.90 




30 


4.0 


1.23 


0.56 


0.75 




3-0 


5.0 


1. 10 


0.50 


0.84 



116 



Concrete with "Hazelnut" Stone 


Concrete WITH Scone 21" and Under 


Proportions of 
Mixture 


Req'd for I c. yd. 


Proportions of 
Mixture. 


Req'd for I c. yd. 








Cem- 












Cem- 






Cem 


Sand 


Stone 


ent 


Sand 


Stone 


Cem- 


Sand 


Stone 


ent 


Sand 


Stone 


ent 






Bbls. 


c.yds, 


c.yds. 


ent 






Bbls. 


c.yds. 
0.40 


c.yds. 




1 


2.0 


2.57 


0..39 


0.78 


1 


2.0 


2.r>3 


o.so 




1 


2.5 


2.29 


0.35 


0.70 




1 


2.5 


2.34 


0.36 


0.89 


1 


1 


3.0 


2.06 


0.31 


0.94 




1 


3.0 


2.10 


0.32 


0.96 




1 


3.5 


1.84 


0.28 


0.98 
0,78 




1 


3.5 


1.88 
2.09 


29 
0.48 


1.00 




1.5 


2.5 


2.05 


0.47 


1.5 


2.5 


0.80 




1.5 


3.0 


1.85 


0.42 


0.84 




1.5 


3.0 


1.90 


0.43 


0.87 




1.5 


3.5 


1.72 


0.39 


0,91 




1.5 


3.5 


1.74 


0.40 


0.93 




1.5 


4.0 


1.57 


0.36 


0.96 




1.5 


4.0 


1.61 


0.37 


0.98 




1.5 


4.5 


1.43 


0.33 


0.98 




1.5 


4.5 


1.46 


0..^3 


1.00 




2.0 


3.0 


1.70 


0.52 


0.77 




2.0 


3.0 


1.73 


0.53 


0.79 




2.0 


3.5 


1.57 


0.48 


0.83 




2.0 


3.5 


1.61 


0.49 


.85 




2.0 


4.0 


1.46 


0.44 


0.89 




2.0 


4.0 


1.48 


0.45 


0.90 




2.0 


4.5 


1.36 


0.42 


0.93 




2.0 


4.5 


1.38 


0.42 


0.95 




2.0 


5.0 


1.27 


0.39 


0.97 
0.77 




2.0 


5.0 
3.5 


1.29 


0.39 


0.98 
0.79 




2.5 


3.5 


1.45 


0.55 




2.5 


1.48 


0.56 




2.5 


4.0 


1.35 


0.52 


0.82 




2.5 


4.0 


1.38 


0.53 


0.84 




2.5 


4.5 


1.27 


0.48 


0.87 




2.5 


4.5 


1.29 


0.49 


0.88 




2.5 


5.0 


1.19 


0.46 


0.91 




2.5 


5.0 


1.21 


0.46 


0.92 




2.5 


5.5 


1.13 


0,43 


0.94 




2.5 


5.5 


1.15 


0.44 


0.96 




2.5 


6.0 


1.07 


0.41 


0.97 
0.77 




2.5 


6.0 
4.0 


1.07 


0.41 


0.98 
0.78 




3.0 


4.0 


1.26 


0.58 




3.0 


1.28 


0.58 




3.0 


4.5 


1.18 


0.54 


0.81 




3.0 


4.5 


1.20 


0.55 


0.82 




.3.0 


5.0 


1.11 


0.51 


0.85 




3.0 


5.0 


1.14 


0.52 


0.87 




3.0 


5.5 


1.06 


0.48 


0.89 




3.0 


5.5 


1.07 


0.49 


0.90 




3.0 


6.0 


1.01 


0.46 


0.92 




3.0 


6.0 


1.02 


0.47 


0.93 




3.0 


6.5 


0.96 


0.44 


0.95 




3.0 


6.5 


0.98 


0.44 


0.96 




3.0 


7.0 


0.91 


0.42 
0.56 


0.97 




3.0 


7.0 
5.0 


0.92 
1.07 


0.42 


0.98 




3.5 


5.0 


1.05 


0.80 




3.5 


0.57 


0.82 




3.5 


5.5 


1.00 


0.53 


0.84 




3.5 


5.5 


1.02 


0.54 


0.85 




3.5 


6.0 


0.95 


0.50 


0.87 




3.5 


6.0 


0.97 


0.51 


0.89 




3.5 


6.5 


0.92 


0.49 


0.91 




3.5 


6.5 


0.93 


0.49 


0.92 




3.5 


7.0 


0.87 


0.47 


0.93 




3.5 


7.0 


0.89 


0.47 


0.95 




3.5 


7.5 


0.84 


0.45 


0.96 




3.5 


7.5 


0.86 


0.45 


0.98 




3.5 


8.0 


0.80 


0.42 


0.97 

















4.0 


6.0 


0.90 


0.55 


0,82 




4.0 


6.0 


0.92 


0.56 


0.84 




4.0 


6.5 


0.87 


0.53 


0.85 




4.0 


6.5 


0.88 


0.53 


0.87 




4.0 


7.0 


0.83 


0.51 


0.89 




4.0 


7.0 


0.84 


0.51 


0.90 




4.0 


7.5 


0.80 


0.49 


0.91 




4.0 


7.5 


0.81 


0.50 


0.93 




4.0 


8.0 


0.77 


0.47 


0.93 




4.0 


8.0 


0.78 


0.48 


0.95 




4.0 


8.5 


0.74 


0.45 


0.95 




4.0 


8.5 


0.76 


0.46 


0.98 




4.0 


9.0 


0.71 


0.43 


0.97 
















5.0 


9.0 


0.66 


0.50 


0.90 




5.0 


9.0 


0.67 


0.52 


0.93 




5.0 


10.0 


0.62 


0.47 


0,95 




5.0 


10.0 


0.63 


0.48 


0.96 




6.0 


11.0 


0.55 


0.51 


0.93 




6.0 


11.0 


0.56 


0.52 


0.94 




6.0 


12.0 


0.52 


0.48 


0.95 




6.0 


12.0 


0.54 


0.49 


0.98 




7.0 


13.0 


0.47 


0.50 


0.93 




7.0 


13.0 


0.48 


0.51 


0.95 




7.0 


14.0 


0.45 


0.48 


0.% 




7.0 


14.0 


0.46 


0.49 


0.92 



117 



Concrete 


WITH iVi Inch Stone. 


Concrete with Gravel Yx Inch 
AND Under 


Proportion 
Mi.xture 


of 


Req'd for i c.yd. 


Proportions of 
Mixture 


Req'd for i c. yd. 


Cem- 






Cem - 


Sand. IStone! 


Cem- 




Gra- 


Cem - 


Sand. Gr'vel 


ent 


Sand 


Stone 


ent 

Bbls. 


c.yds. 


c.yds. 


ent 


Sand 


vel 


ent 
Bbls. 


c.yds. 


c.yds. 




1 


2.0 


2.72 


0.41 


083 




1 


2.5 


2.10 


0..32 


0.80 




1 


2.5 


2.41 


037 


0.92 




1 


3.0 


1.89 


0.29 


0.86 




1 


3.0 


2.16 


0.33 


0.98 




1 

1 

1.5 


3.5 

4.0 


1.71 

1.55 

1.71 


0.26 
0.24 


0.91 
0.94 




1.5 


2.5 


2.16 


0.49 


0.82 




3.0 


0..39 


0.78 




1.5 


3.0 


1.% 


0.45 


0.89 




1.5 


3.5 


1.57 


0.36 


0.83 




1.5 


3.5 


1.79 


0.41 


0.96 




1.5 


4.0 


1.46 


0.33 


0.88 




1.5 


4.0 


1.64 


0.38 


1.00 




1.5 
1.5 


4.5 
5.0 


1.34 

1.24 

1.44 


0.31 
0.28 


0.91 
0.94 




2.0 


3.0 


1.78 


0.54 


0.81 




2.0 


35 


0.44 


0.77 




2.0 


3.5 


1.66 


0..S0 


0.88 




2.0 


40 


1.34 


0.41 


0.81 




2.0 


4.0 


1.53 


0.47 


0.93 




2.0 


45 


1.26 


0..S8 


0.86 




2.0 


4.5 


1.43 


0.43 


0.98 




2.0 


50 


1.17 


0.36 


0.89 
















2.0 
2.5 


6.0 


1.03 


0.31 


0.94 




2.5 


3.5 


1.51 


0.58 


0.81 


4.0 


1.24 


0.47 


0.75 




2.5 


4.0 


1.42 


0.54 


0.87 




2.5 


4.5 


1.16 • 


0.44 


0.80 




2.5 


4.5 


1.33 


0.51 


0.91 




2.5 


5.0 


1.10 


0.42 


0.83 




2.5 


5.0 


1.26 


0.48 


0.96 




2.5 


55 


1.03 


0.39 


0.86 




2.5 


5.5 


1.18 


0.44 


0.99 




2.5 


6.0 


0.98 


0..S7 


0.89 















0.80 


— T — 


2.5 


7.0 
5.0 


0.88 
1.03 


0.33 


0.93 




3.0 


4.0 


1.32 


0.60 


3.0 


0.47 


0.78 




3.0 


4.5 


1.24 


0.57 


0.85 




3.0 


5.5 


0.97 


0.44 


0.81 




3.0 


5.0 


1.17 


0.54 


0.89 




3.0 


6.0 


0.92 


0.42 


0.84 




3.0 


5.5 


1,11 


51 


0.93 




30 


65 


0.88 


0.40 


0.87 




3.0 


6.0 


1.06 


0.48 


0.97 




3.0 
3.0 
3.0 

3.5 


70 
7.5 

8.0 


0.84 
0.80 
0.76 


0.38 
0.37 
0.35 


0.89 
0.91 
0.93 
















3.5 


5.0 


1.11 


0.59 


0.85 


1 


6.0 


0.88 


0.46 


0.80 




3.5 


5 5 


1.06 


0.56 


0.89 




3.5 


6.5 


0.83 


0.44 


0.82 




3.5 


6.0 


1.00 


0.53 


0.92 




3.5 


7.0 


0.80 


0.43 


0.85 




3.5 


6.5 


0.96 


0.51 


95 




3.5 


7.5 


0.76 


0.41 


0.87 




3.5 


7.0 


0.91 


0.49 


0.98 




3.5 
3.5 

3.5 


80 

8.5 
9.0 

7.0 


0.73 
0.71 

0.68 


0.39 
0.38 
0.36 


0.89 
0.91 
0.92 
















4.0 


6.0 


0.95 


0.58 


0.87 




4.0 


0.77 


0.47 


0.81 




4.0 


6.5 


0.91 


0.55 


0.90 




4.0 


7.5 


0.73 


0.44 


0.83 




4.0 


7.0 


0.87 


0.53 


0.93 




4.0 


8.0 


0.71 


0.43 


0.86 




4.0 


7.5 


0.84 


0.51 


0.96 




4.0 


85 


0.68 


0.42 


0.88 




4.0 


8.0 


0.81 


0.49 


0.98 




4.0 
4.0 
4.0 


9.0 
9.5 
10 

10.0 


0.65 
0.63 
0.61 


0.40 
0.38 
0.37 


0.89 
0.91 
0.93 
















5.5 


80 


0.74 


0.57 


0.91 




5.0 


0.57 


0.43 


0.87 




5.0 


9.0 


0.70 


0.53 


0.96 




5.0 


12.0 


0.51 


0.38 


0.92 




6.0 


9.0 


0.65 


0.59 


0.89 




6.0 


12.0 


0.48 


0.44 


0.88 




6.0 


10.0 


0.62 


0.56 


0.93 




6.0 


14.0 


0.43 


0.40 


0.92 




7.0 


11.0 


0.54 


0.51 


0.91 




7.0 


14.0 


0.42 


0.44 


0.88 




7.0 


12.0 


C.52 


0.55 


0.95 




7.0 


16.0 


0.38 


0.40 


0.92 



118 



DUTIES OF ENGINEERS AND RIGGERS 

387 Engines must be kept so that they run without 
noise, except the noise from the gears. 

388 If an unusual sound is heard from any piece of 
machinery, stop it at once and ascertain the cause. 
Many bad accidents may be avoided by strict observ- 
ance of this rule. 

389 Engines must be kept in thorowgh repair at all 
times. 

390 Akvays keep engines housed. 

391 When a derrick is not in use, put the dog on the 
boom drum of the engine so that boys cannot drop 
the boom and cause damage. 

392 When engine on double elevator is idle, keep 
friction down hard and drop in the dogs, or there 
will be accidents caused by men getting on the upper 
car before the engineer is ready. 

393 Never allow the friction clutches of an engine 
to get wet. Never leave the levers down over night. 

394 When leaving derrick for the night, either drop 
the boom to the ground or take a strain on some- 
thing so that the wind cannot blow the boom around 
against wires or Railroad tracks. 

m 



395 When an engine is to remain out of use for a 
few days, place a nail keg or a board over the smoke 
stack to prevent water from rusting out the tubes. 

396 During wet weather daub the bright parts of your 
engine with gudgeon grease. 

397 When starting an engine in cold weather, limber 
it up before placing any load upon it, by opening 
the drip cocks and the cocks on the steam chest and 
letting steam blow through for a few minutes before 
opening the throttle enough to start the engine. When 
the engine is first started run it very slowly, leaving 
all cocks open. Many cylinders are cracked by a 
sudden change of temperature. 

398 The head rigger is responsible for the condition 
of all engines and engine houses. He is to take pack- 
ing out of engines when they are not in use. He is 
to keep engine houses in perfect repair at all times. 
He must see that all engines are kept in condition 
for the greatest possible speed. 

399 Oil all derricks, elevators and wire ropes daily. 
Keep on hand cheap black grease (3 cts. per lb.) for 
wire ropes. These ropes will last three times as long 
if greased and kept out of grit and dirt. A wire 
rope is not properly greased if you can see indi- 
vidual wires. 

400 Lay down permanent logs and joists to keep falls 
between derricks and engines at least 6" above the 
ground. 

401 When a mast and boom are not in use, see that 
they are laid flat and supported in at least three places. 
This will prevent warping and twisting. 

120 



402 Inspect frequently all guy clamps, guy posts and 
guys in windows to see that they have not been 
tampered with. 

403 Give preference to the engineer who keeps his 
engine in the best condition. 

404 Make engineer, when employed, sign a receipt 
for the tools in the engineer's chest. 

405 Have all engine and elevator bells in duplicate to 
avoid delay from breakdowns. 

406 Engineers should apply to Superintendent for 
worn shovels to be used in firing. 

407 Cover engine water barrels completely, except 
where suction hose enters. 

408 Keep this barrel clean and free from oil so that 
the boiler will not foam or get a sediment. Never 
allow anyone to wash his hands in this barrel. 

409 Two men are usually enough to move an engine. 
First pry or jack up the front and back and place 
rollers under the skids, then take a hitch around a 
tree, post or a ''dead man" and let the engine use its 
own steam to pull itself along. 

410 An engine with two snatch blocks can help a 
team out of almost any difficulty. 

411 Keep water in the ash box of the boiler at all 
times, and keep the ash box well cleaned out. This 
will prevent burning out grates and will give better 
draft. 

412 A thin, clean fire will give 100% more heat 
than a thick one, because a thick fire chokes the tubes 

121 



^A 



and combustion takes place not in the tubes but in 
the bonnet. 

413 Blow off the water glass several times a day 
and never depend upon it. The water cocks are put 
there to use and are the only sure way of ascertaining 
the water level. 

414 Notes on Boiler' Scale: — Many boiler explosions 
are caused by the weakening of the iron from strain 
due to unequal expansion. This is caused by scale 
on the heating surface. An accumulation of scale 
^/^/ thick requires 10% more fuel ; ^/\q' of scale 
requires 20% more; ^" of scale requires 30% more; 
and }i" requires 60% more. By keeping the boilers 
clean, considerable fuel is saved. 

415 Boiler Tool Chest — Tool chests which go with 
boilers are to contain spare sheet packing, three spare 
gauge glasses of proper size and length, in addition 
to all necessary tools. 

416 Remove the clinkers from the boiler frequently. 



122 



ROCK DRILLS 

SHIPPING TO JOB 

417 When shipping rock drills to or from the C. M. 
R. & T. Co., see that the following parts are present: 

Cylinder complete 100 feet steam hose 

Tripod Couplings 

Saddle Drills 

Three Weights Wrenches and tools 

Weight Hangers Blacksmith's sharpening 
Leg points, clamps and tools 

set screws Oil cups 

418 The cylinder and all small parts and fittings not 
attached to tripod shall be boxed. 

SETTING UP 

419 When drill is set up, see that the cyHnder is 
firmly bolted to saddle. Carefully adjust tripod and 
bed points firmly by pointing a place in rock where 
each leg is to set. In case one of the points rests 
on a soft spot, put a common iron washer on the leg 
point and set the latter on a piece of plank. 

420 See that all the nuts^ bolts, and adjustments work 
easily and are well oiled. Put oil on the threads of 
both nuts and bolts. 

123 



421 Before connecting on the steam or compressed 
air pipe, blow it out for a short time to clear it of 
dirt, moisture, rust, scale, etc., which are very un- 
desirable in the valves and cylinder of the machine. 

422 See that the cylinder lubricator is in place and 
in working order. 

OPERATING 

423 Having set the drill up over the proper spot, 
draw the piston down until it strikes the bottom 
end of cylinder ; run the feed down until it strikes the 
rock; then give the feed one more turn to allow 
clearance between the bottom end of cylinder and the 
piston. 

424 Close the throttle and connect on the steam or 
air, after blowing out pipe. Clear out the water of 
condensation before starting to run drill. This may be 
done by loosening up cylinder heads and working 
the piston up and down by hand until free from water, 
and well warmed up. 

425 Tighten up heads and start slowly until hole is 
about six inches deep, then open up the throttle valve 
wide and allow the machine to acquire full speed. 
Keep holes about half full of water, which will keep 
rock dust from clogging drill. 

426 When hole is to be entered on a slanting face 
of rock, spot a square place on which to start drill 
and avoid breaking the tool. 

427 When placing drill in chuck, see that it is entered 
full distance. Wipe the mud, dirt and oil from off 
the shank before placing in chuck. 

124 



428 When the drill becomes stuck in the hole and 
will not work, loosen up chuck and back it away from 
the drill. When drill shank is free from chuck, see 
if drill and piston are in line. If not, the cylinder 
must be moved to line with drill or an attempt made 
to straighten hole. 

429 When hole begins to run out, if noted in time, 
it can usually be made straight by running slowly 
with short strokes. Where other methods fail, drill 
may often be kept in line by throwing small pieces 
of cast iron in bottom of hole. 

430 Set up all the bolts and nuts occasionally. 

431 Do not use a sledge on your drill. It is made 
to deliver a blow, not to receive it. Make all adjust- 
ments with proper wrenches, and if necessary to 
strike a drill with a hammer, use hand hammer and 
use it carefully. 

432 The drills or bits used with the machine are 
made in sets, each containing several lengths. Com- 
monly the number of drills per set is something less 
than one per foot of the rated capacity of the ma- 
chine, that is : 

Drills working to depth of 5ft. 5 drills per set. 

Drills working to depth of 8ft. 6 drills per set. 

Drills working to depth of 12ft. 8 drills per set. 

Drills working to depth of 20ft. 10 drills per set. 

433 There should be at least two sets of drills with 
each machine, one of which is being sharpened while 
the other is in use, as the apparatus is profitable only 
when running. 

125 



434 When the hole is started, use the shortest drill. 
This is followed by the next size, until the full 
capacity of the drill is reached. 

435 Feed drill fast enough to give it full strokes. 
Too slow feed allows cylinder to strike lower cylinder 
head; too fast feed shortens the stroke and does not 
get full capacity from the machine. 

436 When starting run slowly to avoid making the 
hole three-cornered. 

437 It goes without saying that a good blacksmith 
should always be on the job to keep drills sharp 
and in the best condition. 

CARE OF DRILLS 

438 When a new man is running drill it is better 
to have him run it slowly until he becomes accustomed 
to handling it. Have him use low pressure, about 
30 pounds, until he has learned, when he may turn 
on full pressure — 60 pounds. 

439 Large machines should not be used for shallow 
holes in soft rock, when the principal item of cost is 
that of moving drill. A small machine is more eco- 
nomical. 

440 Pistons should be well oiled with a good cylinder 
oil if using steam, or No. 1 engine oil if using air. 

441 The stuffing box on lower head is a great factor 
in economical running. If it be too tight it will 
cause drill to run hard and with less capacity. If 
too loose, it will cause leakage of steam. Keep it 
as near right as possible, rather loose than tight. 

126 



442 Feed cylinder with plenty of oil, as most new 
drills give trouble from lack of proper lubrication. 

443 In cold weather see that the machine is left with 
no water in the cylinder or passages. 

444 Practically all makes of rock drills work equally 
well with steam or compressed air, although some 
slight changes are made for drills intended solely 
for air. 

445 Have an ample length of hose for each drill, at 
least fifty feet; a hundred feet is better, as it is not 
economical to pipe every shift of position. 

PIPE, HOSE AND FITTINGS 

446 The pipe should be amply large to carry steam or 
air for the proper number of drills. Keep it away 
from the ground as much as possible, and free from 
wasteful leaks. Give it a proper slant to one or 
more points where the water of condensation may 
be removed through drip valves. 

447 Place a valve between pipe line and hose, that 
pressure may be removed from hose when drill is 
not working. 

448 When inserting coupling in hose end, ^'soap'' it 
so that it will not stick. More hose is ruined by 
carelessly inserting the couplings than in any other 
way. The best hose is five or six ply marline or steel 
wound. Hose is expensive and should be carefully 
used. 

449 See that the rubber lining of the hose is not 
torn, for if torn the steam will get between the rubber 

127 



lining and the duck cover and spoil the pipe in a 
short time. Steam hose should last in good condition 
from six months to a year of constant use. Air hose 
should last three years, with constant use. 

BITS 

450 Bits for steam drills are generally of two kinds, 
determined by shape of cutting edge : 

A. The cross + bit, which is most commonly 
used and preferred because of its regular shape, 
which makes it easier to sharpen. 

B. The X bit, which is sometimes preferred 
to the other type. There are jobs on which the X 
bit can be used economically, but it is harder to 
sharpen on account of its shape, and for that reason 
is not so popular. However, this bit will make a 
round hole where the other will not, since the 
former never strikes twice alike. 

451 When the cross + bit works badly it is heated 
and the adjacent corners bent toward each other until 
they take somewhat the shape of the X bit. This 
will often work better and is ample indication of 
the kind of bit needed. 



128 



DRILL HORSE-POWER REQUIRED 

452 The boiler H. P. required for one of each of 

the following sizes of drills is as follows : 
Diameter of Cylinder Boiler Horse Power 

ly^ inches 5 



2M 
3M 



^V2 



7 
10 
12 
15 

25 



BLACKSMITHS^ TOOLS 

453 For making and repairing drill bits, the job 
should have the following tools for each blacksmith: 

1 Dolly for X drill 

1 Dolly for + drill 

1 top-splitting tool 

1 bottom-splitting tool 

1 set hammer 

1 shank swage 

1 sow 

COSTS OF DRILLING 

454 Drilling by hand 6200' of hole, cost per foot $.086 
Drilling by steam 7500' of hole, cost per 

foot .058 

Drilling by compressed air, 10,000' of hole, 

cost per foot .043 

Including reaming for blasting. 

129 



HAND DRILLING 

455 One man with churn drill, fair day's work, 10 
hours, l}i'' hole; 

From 7' to 8' of hole per day, through granite. 

From 3' to 5' of hole per day, through solid 
quartz. 

From 8' to 9' of hole per day, through limestone. 

From 9' to 10' of hole per day^ through sand- 
stone. 

STEAM ROCK DRILLING 

456 One machine will drill hole V to 2" in diameter 
from 30' to 50' in depth in ten hours, depending on 
kind of rock. Bits require sharpening every third 
to fourth foot of depth, depending on the kind of 
rock. One blacksmith and helper can take care of 
five or six machines. 

Limestone, steady work, 3'' drill, 100' to 120' 
per day, 10 hours. 

Sandstone, steady work, 3" drill, 100' to 500' 
per day, 10 hours. 

Granite, steady work, SYs" drill, 70' to 100' per 
day, 10 hours. 

Trap Rock, steady work, 3%'' drill, 50' to 90' 
per day, 10 hours. 

130 



AIR COMPRESSORS 

457 The care of the air compressors, their fittings and 

appurtenances, is to follow the same general rules 
that are given for other kinds of steam machinery. 

458 In store sheds they should be kept with their 
tanks, piping, tool boxes and smaller parts in close 
vicinity, so that all may be quickly found, loaded and 
shipped. 

459 In setting, compressors of whatever kinds should 
be given a heavy concrete foundation and anchored 
with the usual bolts. 

460 A. There are in general two kinds of com- 
pressors in use — the direct connected compressor, and 
the belted or geared type. For small jobs the latter 
types are perhaps preferable, as they may be run 
from shaft line overhead. 

B. For compressors of large capacity, direct con- 
nected Duplex machines give the most satisfaction. 

C. The Duplex machine has the advantage of 
enabling the operator to take down one side for re- 
pairs while running the other, and if speed is in- 
creased, the full, or nearly full capacity of the ma- 
chine may be attained with one side. 

131 



APPURTENANCES OF COMPRESSORS 

461 Each compressor plant should have a tank, lo- 
cated within fifty feet of the compressor^ of a capacity 
of from 50 to 100 feet, depending upon the capacity 
of plant. 

462 The object of the tank is to act as a reservoir 
and maintain even pressure in pipe line. It forms 
a reserve space for air which may be needed for 
sudden calls on the plant. It serves as a condenser 
for the moisture in the warm compressed air, and 
thus keeps the pipe line dry. 

COOLING WATER 

463 Machines compressing air to over twenty-five 
pounds gauge pressure require cooling water. In 
such plants the air cylinders are provided with jackets 
or spaces through which water can circulate and carry 
away the heat of the compressed air in the cylinder. 
This is necessary, as the efficiency and capacity of 
the compressor depends largely on keeping the air 
cool. 

464 The cooling water may be pumped through the 
water jacket or simply allowed to gravitate through 
from a tank or other means. Frequently, cooling 
water which has been passed through jacket and 
warmed is used for feeding boiler. 

182 



I 



PIPING 

465 In piping off compressor, it is a good plan to put 
end of suction pipe out of doors in a shady spot, 
as it will then draw cooler air. The air discharge 
pipe leads directly to the air tank, and it is advisable 
to put a three-way cock on close nipple at the end 
of pipe, close to tank. This enables engineer to start 
his compressor and run it, at times, without load, as 
he may open the three-way cock and discharge the 
pump into open air. 

GOVERNOR, ETC. 

466 For intermittent work, such as rock-drilling, etc., 
the compressor should have attached to it a form of 
governor called an ''Unloading Device." This un- 
loading device has the effect of taking the load off 
the machine when the tank is full of air at the pres- 
sure required, and little or none is being drawn off 
for a time. Such devices generally attain the desired 
result by throwing the discharge from one end of the 
cylinder into the other end, so that the piston simply 
passes it back and forth without compressing. Other 
devices act on the steam supply to the engine, throt- 
tling down when pressure is sufficient. 

467 Where no unloading or throttling devices are 
used there is a constant blowing from the escape 
valve, and all of the excess of compressed air is a 
dead loss. 

133 



AIR VALVES 

468 The kinds, size and number of valves in the 
compressor are points of vital importance to the life 
of the machine. They should be ample in size and 
number, easily accessible, and of some type, prefer- 
ably metal, which will maintain a perfect seat. 
Leather valves are not good enough to 'hold hot air 
under high pressure. There are two types of valves 
in use, and both have their advantages. One is the 
mechanically controlled valve, like a slide valve or 
poppet of an engine. The other, the spring type pul- 
sating valve, is probably the most popular, as it varies 
its pulsations with the amount of air passing through, 
and may be said to adjust itself to the load. It is 
very important that the air valves be located where 
they may be readily taken out, repaired and cleaned. 

469 The best practice is to locate the valves in the 
cylinder heads of the compressor. 

REHEATER 

470 Where compressed air is carried to a distance 
in the pipes, it loses heat and contracts in so cooling. 
To prevent this loss of efficiency, it is common to 
introduce, in the hne at the point where the air is 
to be used, a ''reheater," which warms the air to the 
point where it was when it left the compressor. By 
this means, a matter of 30 per cent may be saved on 
large jobs. 

134 



CARE OF COMPRESSOR 

471 Before starting to compress into the tank, blow 
out the cyhnder ; get all free from dirt and grit. 

472 For the air cylinder use good engine or ma- 
chinery oil. Do not use cylinder oil in air cyhnder, 
as it is too heavy. 

473 For the steam end of compressor use cylinder 
oil as directed under ''Cylinder Lubricators." 

474 Keep the journals and brasses set up tightly 
enough to avoid pounding and knocking, but without 
heating. 

475 See that there is no dirt or grit under air valves 
and listen for the wheezing sound peculiar to leaky 
air valves. 

476 See that cooling water flows continuously and 
sufficiently. 

477 Read over Engine Rules for care of steam end. 

DATA 

478 Where long length transmission pipes are used, 
air is more economical for drills than steam. 

479 Compressed air can be carried for miles in pipes, 
while steam can be carried but a few hundred feet, 

135 



^ 



owing to condensation. Hose lasts longer with air 
than steam. 

480 For figuring the amount of free air per drill, the 

table which follows gives the amount used by one 
drill only. For five drills the amount may be cut 
down 25 per cent; for ten drills, about 33 per cent; 
other numbers in proportion. 



481 CUBIC FEET OF FREE AIR REQUIRED TO RUN ONE DRILL 

OF SIZE AND AT THE PRESSURE 
STATED BELOW 



top 
Ok 


Size and Cylinder Diameter of Drill in Inches 


2 


2% 


2K 


2U 


3 


SVs 


3A 


3X 


3K 

108 
124 
131 
152 
166 


113 
129 
143 
159 
174 


4^ 

130 
147 
164 

182 
199 


5 

150 
170 
190 
210 
240 


by2 

164 
181 
207 
230 
252 


60 
70 
80 
90 
100 


60 
56 
63 
70 

77 


60 
68 
76 
84 
92 


68 
77 
86 
95 
104 


82 

93 

104 

115 

126 


90 
102 
114 
126 
138 


95 
108 
120 
133 
146 


97 
110 
123 

136 
149 


100 
113 
127 
141 
154 



136 



CARE OF ENGINES 

STEAM ENGINES 

482 When an engine is sent to a job, the following 
fittings are to be sent with it : 

Governor Piston and Valve Packing 

Governor Belt Drip-cocks 

Sight Feed Lubricator Cotton Waste 

Steam Pipe Oil Can 

Exhaust Pipe Oil Feeder 

Oil Cups for Bearings Can of Cylinder Oil 

Throttle Valve Can of Lubricating Oil 

All spanners and wrenches necessary. 

483 Engines must be sent out with full complement 
of fittings packed in a suitable tool box, provided 
with padlock. 

484 A blue print list of fittings shall be pasted in 
each box. 

485 In running engine on the job, see that it is kept 
clean, well oiled, free from all pounding and knocks 
in the wrist pin, crank pin, main bearings or else- 
where. See that it runs cool, and keep brasses keyed 
just enough to avoid knocking without heating. 

486 See that each oil cup is kept full of oil and is 
working properly. 

137 



^^^ 



487 Never start an engine with drip-cocks closed. 
Before starting an engine, whenever possible, blow 
steam through the cylinder to warm it and to clear 
it from water. 

488 For cylinder oil, use heavy mineral oil known 
as ''Cylinder Oil," and no other. For lubrication oil, 
use what is known as ''Number One" Engine Oil. 

489 Never use lard oil on machinery. Pure "Winter 
Strained" lard oil is unsurpassed as a lubricant when 
it is pure. It is very high-priced, however, Vvdien pure, 
and the common varieties whose prices are not pro- 
hibitive are full of acid used in the process of manu- 
facture, and consequently very detrimental to ma- 
chinerv. 



ADJUSTMENT TOOLS 

490 Engineers are to use proper wrenches, spanners, 

etc., for adjusting parts of their engines. The use 
of cold chisels, hammers and other improvised 
wrenches, or adjusting tools is forbidden. If the 
tool box does not contain the proper tools, report 
the fact to the C. M. R. & T. Co. 



CYLINDER LUBRICATORS 

491 On every engine, without exception, shall be 

placed a sight feed cylinder lubricator, preferably of 
the Detroit Single Connection Type of the following 
sizes : 

138 



For engines up to 8x8, use a 1-3 pint sight feed 
lubricator. 

For engines up to 10x10, use a ^ pint sight feed 
lubricator. 

For engines up to 10x18, use a 1 pint sight feed 
lubricator. 

492 The engineer is to see that this lubricator is filled 
with oil and is feeding evenly. Put very little oil 
into the cyHnder of the engine ; two drops per minute 
is enough ordinarily. For bearing cups, use the sight 
feed, glass body variety. 

COLD WEATHER 

493 In cold or freezing weather, when engine is 
shut down for the night, drain all water and oil 
from the cylinder and lubricator. 

494 When filling the cylinder lubricator, use the oil 
feeder provided. Cylinder oil is too expensive to 
waste by careless pouring from the can into the 
small opening of the lubricator. 

VALVE SETTING 

495 In case the engine valve on job gets out of order, 
it shall be the duty of the Engineer to set the valve 
as quickly as possible, without removing the valve 
chest cover, if possible during working hours, so that 
less time may be lost. If valve is thus set during 
working hours, it shall be verified after working 

139 



hours by the Engineer, who shall remove valve chest 
cover for that purpose. 

For the guidance of the Superintendent and Fore- 
men the following notes are given: 

496 The symptoms of valve trouble show themselves 
first in unequal exhaust; that is, the engine exhausts 
(or puffs) on one side harder than on the other; it 
seems to run hard and to be unequal to the usual 
amount of work, and finally^ when the valve is very 
far out, there are numerous dead points where it is 
found impossible to start the engine. 

497 In setting valves, there are always two cases to 
be considered: 

First: Where the eccentric carti is keyed to the 
shaft. 

Second: Where the eccentric cam is set-screwed 
to the shaft. 

498 The operation of setting a valve usually consists 
of two parts, viz: equalizing the valve travel, and 
adjusting the lead or valve opening. 

499 The object of equalizing the valve travel is to 
make the lead or valve opening the same at both 
ends of the cylinder. The valve is held on the stem 
by double nuts on either end. (See Cut No. 1.) 
And at the time the engine leaves the shop they are 
supposed to be so set that, when the eccentric rotates 
around the shaft, the valve will move back and forth 
equal distances on either side of center line of valve 
seat. In the course of time the nuts become loosened 
or misplaced and the valve may travel very unequally, 

140 



%" 



opening, say, Ya," on one end and not at all on the 
other. This, of course, cuts down the amount of 
steam on one end of the cylinder and increases the 
amount received on the other, tending to cut down 
power of engine, causing it to run one sided, or put- 
ting unequal strain on the parts. 



oaloesfem ^do not bind uahewHh nuts 



nut3 



W^^. 



c 



Cut No. 1 







nu^3 



500 To equalize the valve travel, rotate the eccentric 

through 360 degrees on the shaft and see that the 
valve moves the same distance each side of center 
of valve seat. To do this, where the eccentric cam is 
keyed to the shaft, the whole combination of shaft, 
cam, crank, etc., must be rotated one turn. If, how- 
ever, the cam is set-screwed on the shaft, the set-screws 
may be loosened and the cam alone moved. If valve 
travel is found to be unequal, adjust position of valve 
on stem by tightening nuts on the side where the 
excess of travel lies, and loosen up the other side. 
After one or two trials the exact position may be 
found. 



141 



501 To set a valve, i. e., to give it a proper lead, 
proceed as follows : 

After having decided that valve travel is equal 
on both sides of center of valve seat, the next problem 
is to set the valve in proper position relative to posi- 
tion of piston, and necessarily to the position of the 
crank. In case the eccentric cam has been keyed on 
the shaft and the valve travel has been equalized, 
nothing else can be done, since the only way to 
change the lead of the engine is to change the angle 
of advance or relative position of crank and eccentric 
cam. If engine were built correctly in the first place 
there is very little chance of this being out of place 
or wrong. 

502 When cam is set-screwed to the shaft, place 
crank on back center, loosen up the set-screws, and 
turn eccentric ahead of crank (see Cut No. 2), until 



t| eccentrjc 



open^Q 




Cut No. 2 

it has moved the valve to a position which just opens 
the valve port, say 1-32 of an inch, which is ample 
for a small engine. When this has been done, fasten 



142 



eccentric cam to the shaft by set-screws and turn 
the crank over to the other center. See if the valve 
shows the same amount of opening that it diJ on 
the other end, which will be the case if the travel 
of the valve has been equalized correctly. Generally, 
however, imperfect core-work in casting the cylinder 
throws the position of the port out more or less, 
and the Engineer must use his judgment in setting 
valve and equalizing lead. 



143 



TO SET VALVE TEMPORARILY WITHOUT 
REMOVING VALVE CHEST COVER 

503 This is not a very correct method, but it is good 
enough for temporary appHcation where time saving 
is a very important consideration. 

504 If the eccentric cam is keyed to the shaft and 
the rods, links, etc., connecting cam to valve stem 
are all set right, the only probable difficulty is that 
the valve travel is unequal. In such a case, with most 
engines, the valve cannot be adjusted without re- 
moving cover to get at the valve nuts, and it will 
be more probable that the trouble is caused by some 
loose connecting part between cam and valve stem, 
such as loose key or bolt. However, if the eccentric 
cam is set-screwed to the shaft, the valve may be set 
readily in the following way, without taking off the 
valve chest cover: 

505 First, loosen the eccentric cam set-screws ; set 
crank on rear center, open front and rear drip cocks, 
open throttle valve so that there is a slight pressure 
of steam in the valve chest and cylinder, but not 
enough to move piston. With the crank and shaft sta- 
tionary, rotate the cam until the valve is just open 
on the rear end, as will be made evident by' the 
escape of steam through the rear drip-cock. Set up 
screws in cam. Turn crank around and see if steam 
escapes from the other drip as the crank is passing 
the other center. If so, the valve is set approxi- 
mately. 

144 



TO REVERSE THE DIRECTION OF ENGINE 

506 To reverse an engine, it is necessary to move 

the eccentric cam as much back of the crank as it 
was previously ahead. With the steam chest cover 
off, put crank on the rear center. Note the amount 
of lead, loosen up set-screws on* eccentric cam and 
throw it over past the position of the crank until it is 
in the same relative position back of crank that it 
was previously ahead (see Cut No. 3), which will 




)c7nff/e of advance 
of ecceninc 



fonnecting rod 



position o/ecceninc 
to reverse e/i^/ne 



Cut No. 3 

be determined by the valve again coming to the 
position of lead previously noted. Set-up set-screws 
in the cam, and the valve is now in position to move 
the engine in the opposite direction. Verify the valve 
travel and lead on both ends in the usual way. This 
can be done approximately with the valve cover on 
b]; using the steam from the drip-cocks as indicator 
of the moment when the valve opens or has lead. 



145 



507 On many engines the eccentric cam is marked, 

and there is a corresponding mark on the shaft for 
each position of the eccentric cam. One mark at 
which the eccentric may be set to cause the engine 
to go one way, and another at which the eccentric 
may be set to cause the engine to go the other way. 
(See Cut No. 4.) 




508 



Cut No. 4 

Never tighten the double nuts on the valve stem 
so that they bind the valve. The valve casting is de- 
signed to be loose, so that when pressure is put on it, 
it will seat itself on the planed surface over which 
it rides. (See Cut No. 1.) 

146 



509 For setting valves of double engines^ like hoist- 
ing engines, adjust each side separately, without ref- 
erence to the other, as though it were a single engine. 

510 For setting valves of reversible link motion en- 
gines, the method is similar and just as simple. 
Throw the reverse lever into the go-ahead position ; 
set the valve as previously noted ; then throw the lever 
into the extreme reverse or backing position, and 
the valve travel should be correct without any addi- 
tional change. If the engine be a double reversible, 
treat each engine as though it were an entirely inde- 
pendent machine. The principal trouble to be guarded 
against in setting or adjusting double or single rever- 
sible engines, is the loose motion of parts. The mo- 
tion of the cam is transmitted to the valve stem 
through various levers, connecting rods and links, 
which, if worn and full of loose motion, will make it 
difficult to equalize the travel and adjust the lead. 



W7 



FITTINGS AND SUPPLIES 

511 For sheet packing use good plain inserted cloth 
rubber packing, and ''Rainbow" packing where an 
extra quality is desired. Where two finished surfaces 
go together there is nothing better than thin sheet 
lead. 

USEFUL DATA 

512 The Horse Power of an engine is a variable 
quantity, depending on the size of the cylinder^ length 
of stroke, boiler pressure, number of revolutions per 
minute, etc. 

513 The following table shows in general the capacity 
of modern standard engines and may be useful to 
Superintendents for estimating the power of their 
engines : 







Revolutions 


Vertical Engines 


Size of Cylinder 


per Minute 


4 H.P. 


4" X 5" 


250 


5 H.P. 


5" X 5" 


225 


10 H.P. 


7" X 7" 


190 


15 H.P. 


8" X 8" 


180 


20 H. P. 


9" X 9" 


160 


25 H. P. 


10" X 10" 


160 


40 H. P. 


12" X 12" 


160 


50 H. P. 


14" X 14" 


150 



148 



Hoisting Engines 


Double 


Cylinder 


10 H. 


P. 


sy2" 


x8" 




16 H. 


P. 


6^" 


xlO' 


r 


20 H. 


P. 


7" 


xlO" 


30 H. 


P. 


8M" 


xlO' 


/ 


35 H. 


P. 


8" 


xl2' 


r 


50 H. 


P. 


10" 


xl2' 


f 


ntal Stationary 




Revolutions 


Engines 


Si 


ze of Cylinder per Minute 


6 H. P. 




4" X 6" 




260 


8 H.P. 




5" X 8" 




240 


10 H. P. 




6" X 9" 




200 


15 H.P. 




8" X 10" 




190 


20 H. P. 




9" X 12" 




190 


25 H.P. 




10" X 12" 




190 


30 H. P. 




ll"xl5" 




190 


40 H. P. 




12" x 16" 




160 


50 H. P. 




14" X 16" 




150 


70 H. P. 




16" X 24" 




150 


125 H.P. 




18" X 27" 




120 


150 H. P. 




20" X 28" 




110 



514 For making rough estimate on power of engine 

actually running, use this formula 

2 PLAN 

= H.P. 

33,000 

i. e., multiply twice the pressure of the steam in the 
cylinder (which averages about one half of boiler 
pressure), by the length of stroke reckoned in feet, 

149 



by the area of the piston in square inches, by the num- 
ber of revolutions per minute. Divide this result by 
33,000 and you obtain the Horse Power which the 
engine is developing under the conditions named. 
This formula would be nearly exact were it not for 
the fact that we cannot get exact average pressure 
in the cylinder without instruments especially designed, 
like the steam engine indicator, which are used for 
this purpose. 

515 One horse power is equal to 33,000 ft. lbs. done 

in one minute, i. e., 33,000 lbs. lifted one foot per 
minute, or 33 lbs. lifted one thousand feet per min- 
ute, etc. 



REMOVAL OF ENGINES 

516 Never ship an engine with removable brass or 
small fittings in place, where they may be easily broken 
or stolen. Carefully pack them in the tool box. 

517 The following table of weights of engines may 
be of use to Superintendents : 

DOUBLE CYLINDER DERRICK ENGINES. 

10 H. P. 5>^"x8" weighs 6,100 lbs. 

16 H. P. 6>4"xlO" weighs 8,000 lbs. 

20 H. P. 7" x 10" weighs 8,400 lbs. 

30 H. P. 834" X 10'' weighs 10,600 lbs. 

35 H. P. 8" X 12" weighs 16,400 lbs. 

50 H. P. 10" X 12" weighs 18,000 lbs. 

150 



FITTINGS TO BE SENT WITH BOILER 

518 The following should be sent to jobs with all 

boilers : 

An injector or inspirator with feed pipe, check 
valve and stop valve, gauge cocks, water column (if 
locomotive boiler), water gauge, gauge glass, safety 
valve, blow-off valve, complete set of grate bars, 
smoke stack, bonnet, water barrel, suction hose for 
inspirator, and boiler tools, such as a hoe, poker, 
slice bar and flue cleaner. For hoisting engines, see 
that parts include friction levers, brake levers, cylinder 
lubricators, oil cups, and cotton waste. An engine 
house and tool box should be sent with each engine. 



CARE AND MANAGEMENT OF BOILERS 

519 The first duty of the engineer when he come> 
on the job in the morning is to ascertain the water 
level in the boiler and not spread his fire or add fuel 
until he has done so. In this way he will save danger 
and, possibly, injury to the boiler. 

520 It is the duty of the Superintendent to see that 
engineers keep a thin, clean fire in the furnace. 

521 In case the boiler is found with low water at 
any time, immediately shut off all draught and cover 
the fire with ashes at once, or, if no ashes are handy, 
use fresh coal. Do not put water in the boiler or touch 
the feed in any way. Do not move or tamper with 
the safety valves or change the steam outlets, but let 

151 



A 



the lire gradually cool down. In this way an explosion 
may be avoided and the boiler escape without seri- 
ous injury. 

FOAMING BOILERS 

522 In case the boiler foams, close the steam outlets 
or throttle valves long enough to find where the water 
is in the glass, and the true level of the water in the 
boiler by also trying the gauge-cocks. If sufficient 
water is found in the boiler, proceed to alternately 
blow and feed until the water is freshened enough 
to cease foaming. If the level of the water is low 
and the foaming very violent^ cover the fire and let 
the boiler cool down to about 10 pounds pressure by 
the gauge ; then blow boiler entirely down and fill 
up with fresh water, after the boiler has become cool. 

BLOWING DOWN BOILERS 

523 No boiler can be entirely blown at a greater 
pressure than 10 lbs. on the gauge without danger of 
collapse or serious internal strain. 

524 After having blown down a boiler, under no 
conditions fill the same with water until absolutely 
cool. Many a good boiler has been made leaky or 
spoiled (and the remote cause of a disastrous explo- 
sion laid) by lack of attention to this rule. 

525 Superintendent will see that the engineer blows 
down his boiler a little at least twice per week, and 
blows it entirely down at the end of the job. 

152 



KEEPING BOILER IN GOOD CONDITION 

526 Engineers are responsible for the condition of 

their engines and boilers. When not running or firing 
they are not expected to advise the Superintendent or 
consult the nearest foreman as to the conduct of the 
job, but are to occupy themselves with cleaning the 
bright parts of their machines, repairing oil cups, 
wiping, oiling, setting up glands, packing leaky joints, 
cleaning boiler flues, keying bolts, pms, etc. (especially 
in moving parts), to see that they are not loose, as- 
certaining that no part of machine has warmed unduly, 
examining boiler for leaky joints, staybolts, rivets, 
hand holes, pipes, etc., in short, attending to the end- 
less details about the machine, which will amply fill 
an intelligent and money-making engineer's time. 



DRY STEAM 

527 See that your boiler gives dry steam, thus saving 

coal and water. A simple test of dry steam is made 
by opening the upper gauge cock. If the steam com- 
ing from the cock has a blue tinge and is practically 
transparent, it contains no more than one to two per 
cent of moisture; if it appears white it contains more 
moisture, and the steam is said to be excessively wet. 
Wet steam shows either that the boiler is overloaded 
and too small for the work assigned to it, or else the 
water is dirty, oily or impure from some other cause. 

153 



y^ 



WASH BOILER 

528 Keep exterior of boiler dry and interior free 

from scale and rust. Wash boiler out thoroughly as 
frequently as possible. 



FUSIBLE PLUG 

529 Examine fusible plug, if boiler has one^ and keep 

its surface bright. This fusible plug should be placed 
at the highest fire line, but it is not entirely reliable, 
and should be examined frequently. 



SAFETY VALVE 

530 Engineers are instructed to try the safety valve 
on the boiler every day, without exception, and Super- 
intendents will note any failure on their part to do so. 

531 See that the blow-ofif point for the safety valve 
corresponds to the desired point on the steam gauge. 



FEED VALVE 

532 Engineers are responsible for having a stop valve 

placed in the feed pipe between the check valve and 
the boiler, so that in case of a leaky or defective check 
the boiler will not be endangered and the check may 
be repaired with steam on. 

154 



CLEAN FLUES 

533 Superintendents will see that engineers clean the 
flues of their boilers twice per week if burning good 
coal, and daily if burning poor coal — in case of loco- 
motive style of boilers. 

534 In case of hoisting engines, where it is difficult 
to get at the tubes, they should be cleaned as frequent- 
ly as possible. 

BORROWING TOOLS 

535 No workman shall take away the wrenches, span- 
ners or tools belonging with the steam plant of the 
job, without the consent of the engineer, and then 
only on the authority of his foreman, who will be 
held responsible for their return to the engineer. 

SPECIAL DUTIES OF ENGINEERS 

536 Engineers are to be on the job early enough to 
have their machines ready for business when the work 
starts in the morning. 

537 No engineer will be tolerated on the job who 
delays the work by injudicious firing, oiling, wiping, 
etc. 

538 Engineers will maintain a proper water level in 
the boiler, of about two gauges of water. While too 
little water endanger ; the boiler, too much water is 
fatal to dry steaming. 

155 



GRATE BARS 

539 Engineers will see that their grate bars are in 

good condition and report defective grates to the 
Superintendent. See that they are loose and have 
plenty of chance to expand without wedging. If they 
are too long, so that they wedge, or nearly wedge, 
when cool, they will expand, warp and twist when 
hot. Remedy such defects by chipping with cold 
chisel. Keep the air spaces in grate free from clinkers, 
as it requires air and plenty of it to burn coal econom- 
ically. 



GAUGE COCKS 

540 Engineers will keep their gauge and water cocks 

clean and in good condition. Keep the wood disks 
of gauge cocks in good repair, and stems of cocks 
straight and in good condition. Keep gauge glass 
clean and protected at all times by the proper brass 
rods. 



VERIFY WATER LEVEL 

541 Engineers are hereby instructed to verify the 

water level of the boiler frequently by trial of gauge 
cocks, and to this end must see that they are kept 
in good condition. 

156 



ARCH DOOR 

542 In case of locomotive boilers, engineers are to see 

that the door of the back connection or smoke arch 
fits closely and as near as possible to being air tight. 



BLOW-OFF VALVE 

543 Engineers are to see that blow-off valves are in 

good condition and do not leak. No leaky blow-off 
will be tolerated on any job for a single day, but 
must be repaired at once, temporarily, by putting a 
cast iron plug in the outer end. The leaky valve must 
be replaced by a new one at once. 



BLISTERS 

544 All blisters which appear on the boiler must be 

trimmed or patched at once. 



LEAKS 

545 In case the boiler shows signs of leak around 
stay-bolts^ brace bolts, barrier bolts, or the like, the 
engineers should endeavor to caulk the same. 

546 If boilers leak around hand holes, replace the 
gasket at the earliest possible moment. 

157 



547 If a leak appears in a seam, which a sHght amount 
of caulking will not remedy, send for the nearest 
boiler maker to come and examine the boiler. 

548 Have boiler maker give a hand hammer test for 
thin places and decide whether caulking, a soft patch, 
or a hard patch is required. 

549 A soft patch is a piece of steel of sufficient size to 
cover leaky or thin area, bolted to the boiler with a 
joint of thick red and white lead paste. It is a tem- 
porary patch in every way, but will often remain good 
for a long time. By having the boiler repaired with 
a soft patch, the Superintendent can often avoid the 
expense of delay and make the boiler last out the 
job. 

550 A hard patch is made by cutting away all the 
thin or leaky metal and riveting in an entirely new 
piece of metal. It is generally more desirable to mend 
a boiler by making a hard patch. This is not always 
possible, however, especially with small boilers, where 
it is impossible to get at the inside head of a rivet 
and hold it while the other end is being headed up. 



LEAKY TUBES 

551 Roll leaky tubes when boiler is cold, with a Hen- 

derson Tube Expander. In giving size of expander 
wanted remember that size of boiler tube is measured 
on the outside, so that a 2>4" tube will be 2>^" outside, 
and about 2^" inside. In such a case, you would ask 
for a 2j//' expander, i. e., to fit a lYz" tube. 

158 



PLUGGING TUBES 

552 In case tubes should leak from being pitted or 

split, and it is not desired to lay up boiler, send at 
once to the, office for one or more sets of cast iron 
tube plugs. State size and length of tubes and num- 
ber you desire to plug. This is done with cast iron 



nod Style 
Best and most 
satisfactory for 
/on^ jobs 




boiler 



washer, and nut 



l/Ved^e 6tyie. . 

Frequently asedvTAxs. 
as they can be "A^ 
inserted cohile W^^sra 
boiler IS under stea/v 
and fire m firebox 



3 ;/- = — ww ^ 

c.iplug ^frod ^tube V^c.i plug 




■ / 



ci.p/ug 
Cut No. 5 



,^^ 



ISO. 



1 



I ClDlu 



plug 



plugs of the proper size, one of which is inserted in 
each end of tube with proper lead joint, and they are 
held tightly in place by a long bolt running through 
the tube. (See Cut No. 5.) 



159 



PIPE 

553 In asking for pipe and fittings, remember that 
the sizes of pipe as named are merely nominal, and 
generally refer to the inside diameter of the pipe. 
This is especially uncertain in the case of small sizes. 
For instance 1^" steam pipe is 1^" inside diameter 
and about l^^" outside diameter. The same' is more 
or less true with all sizes of pipe, and must be guarded 
against. The following table of standard sizes of 
wrought iron pipe for steam, gas or water, should 
ahvays be referred to, in order to avoid mistakes. 

554 In making up a pipe line, remember that a union 
must be placed in all pipe lines running from one fixed 
point to another fixed point. In general, order *'Dart'' 
unions, or some other malleable iron, soft-metal jointed 
union. Brass unions are too expensive for general 
use, and cheap iron ones are not good enough. 



160 



TABLE OF DIMENSIONS 



STANDARD WEIGHT OF WROUGHT-IRON PIPE 



AND SMALLER PROVED TO 300 LBS. PER SQUARE INCH BY HYDRAULIC PRESSURE 
AND LARGER PROVED TO 500 LBS. PER SQUARE INCH BY HYDRAULIC PRESSURE 



B 

a 

5 

rs 

C 

In. 


"ifi C 

< 


c 
H 


'55 0) 

< 


6 
o 
C 

CJ 


o 

OS 
u 


Length of Pipe 

Per Square Foot of 

Inside Surface. 


Length of Pipe 

Per Square Foot of 

Outside Surface. 


C3 

< 
v. 

'55 


as 
D 

< 

o 


Length of Pipe 

Containing 
One Cubic Foot. 


o 
o 

a* 


42 £ 


CC >- 

n't 


Ins. 


Ins. 


Ins. 


Ins. 


Ins. 


Ft. 


Ft. 


Ins. 


Ins. 


Ft. 


Lbs. 




In. 


i 


0.405 


0.068 


0.270 


0.848 


1.272 


14.15 


9.44 


0.0572 


0.129 


2500, 


0.243 


27 


^ 


i 


0.54 


0.088 


0.364 


1.144 


1.696 


10.50 


7.075 


0.1C41 


0.229 


1385. 


0.422 


18 


A 


t 


0.675 


0.091 


0.494 


1.552 


2.121 


7.67 


5,657 


0.1916 


0.358 


751.5 


0.561 


18 


^ 


^ 


0.84 


0.109 


0.623 


1.957 


2.652 


6.13 


4.502 


0.3048 


0.554 


472.4 


0.845 


14 


tjV 


1 


1.05 


0.113 


0.824 


2.589 


3.299 


4.635 


3.637 


0.5333 


0.866 


270. 


1.126 


14 


^^ 


1 


1.315 


0.134 


1.048 


3.292 


4.134 


3.679 


2.903 


0.8627 


1.357 


166.9 


1.670 


11^ 


iz 


H 


1.66 


0.140 


1.380 


4.335 


5.215 


2.768 


2.301 


1.496 


2.164 


96.25 


2.258 


IH 


3^ 


U 


1.90 


0.145 


1.611 


5.C61 


5.969 


2.371 


2.01 


2.038 


2.835 


70.65 


2.694 


IH 


3^ 


2 


2.375 


0.154 


2.067 


6.494 


7.461 


1.848 


1.611 


3.355 


4.430 


42.38 


3.600 


111 


3^ 


2^ 


2.875 


0.204 


2.468 


7.754 


9.032 


1,547 


1.328 


4.783 


6,491 


30.11 


5.773 


8 


33 


3 


3.50 


0.217 


3.067 


9.636 


10.996 


1.245 


1.091 


7.388 


9.621 


19.49 


7.547 


8 


J^ 


3^ 


4.00 


0.226 


3.548 


11.146 


12.566 


1.077 


0.955 


9.887 


12.566 


14.56 


9.055 


8 


3^2 


4 


4.50 


0.237 


4.026 


12.648 


U.137 


0.949 


0.849 


12.730 


15.904 


11.31 


10.66 


8 


il 


4^ 


5.00 


0.247 


4.508 


14.153 


15.708 


0.848 


0.765 


15.939 


19.635 


9.03 


12.34 


8 


3^2 


5 


5 563 


0.259 


5.045 


15.849 


17.475 


0.757 


0,629 


19.990 


24,299 


7.20 


14.50 


8 


1 
3 2 


6 


6.625 


0.280 


6.065 


19.054 


20.813 


0.63 


0,577 


28.889 


34.471 


4.98 


18.767 


8 


1 
3i 


7 


7.025 


0.301 


7.028 


22.063 


23.954 


0.544 


0.595 


38.737 


45.663 


3.72 


23.27 


8 


^l 


8 


8.625 


0.322 


7.982 


25.076 


27.096 


0.478 


0.444 


50.089 


58.426 


2.88 


28.177 


8 


^2 


9 


9.625 


0.344 


9.001 


28.277 


30.433 


0.425 


0.394 


63.633 


73,715 


2.26 


33.70 


8 


ii 


10 


10.75 


0.366 


10.019 


31.475 


33.772 


0.381 


0.355 


78.838 


90.762 


1.80 


40.06 


8 


Z\ 


11 


12.00 


0.375 


11.25 


35.343 


37.699 


0.340 


0.318 


98.942 


13.097 


1.455 


45.95 


8 


ii 


12 


12.75 


0.375 


12.00 


38.264 


40.840 


0.313 


0,293 


116.535 


132.732 


1.235 


48.98 


8 


64 




14.00 


0.375 


13.25 


41.268 


43.982 


0.290 


0,273 


134.582 


153.938 


1.069 


53.92 


8 


6^4 




15.00 


0.375 


14,25 


44.271 


47.124 


0.271 


0.254 


155.968 


176.715 


.923 


57.89 


8 


0^4 


... 


16.00 


0.375 


15.25 


47.274 


50.265 


0.254 


0.238 


177.867 


201.062 


.809 


61.77 


8 


eh 


... 


17.00 

18.00 


0.375 
0.375 


16.25 
17.25 


51.05 
53.281 


53 40 
56.548 


















0.225 


0.212 


225.907 


254.469 


.638 


69.66 






... 


20.00 


0.375 


19.25 


59.28862.832 


0.202 


0.191 


279.720 


314.160 


.515 


77.57 






... 


21.00 
22.00 


0.375 


20.25 


63.61 
66.759 


65.97 
69.115 


















0.375'21.25 


0.179 


0,174 


354.66 


380.134 


,406 


85,47 






... 


24.00 


C.375 23.25 


73.04 


75.39 


0.164 


0.159 


424.56 


452,39 


,339 


93.37 


... 


•• 



161 



BOILER FITTINGS AND TOOLS 

STEAM GAUGE 

555 The steam gauge of a boiler should be plain, with 
no ornamentation of any kind, and but little advertise- 
ment on the face. It should be plainly and legibly 
numbered, and the hand should rest on the pin at 
zero when the boiler is cold. 

556 Defective gauges must be repaired, reported, or 
replaced without delay. See that there is a siphon 
under each gauge. See that between each gauge and 
the boiler a stop-cock is provided so that the gauge 
may be removed or replaced while the steam is on. 

WATER GAUGE 

557 Every water gauge must be provided with a good 
shut-off cock at top and bottom, a valve at bottom by 
which glass may be drained, and two or more guard 
rods parallel to gauge glass to keep it from being 
broken. 

558 No gauge glass smaller than J^" bore will be 
permitted on any boiler. 

162 



BLOW-OFF COCK 

559 The blow-off cock should be provided with a 
good plug valve and not an ordinary gate or globe 
valve. The plug has the advantage of being simpler, 
less liable to leak^ and the position of the handle tells 
at once whether it is open or closed. 

TUBES 

560 In ordering new boiler tubes, the Superintendent 
shall insist on charcoal iron lap welded boiler tubes 
made by the Allison Company^ or guaranteed equal. 

561 No steel tubes are to be allowed inside of any 
boiler, shop, yard or job controlled by this firm. 

562 The Allison tube must be ordered from Philadel- 
phia, Pa., or through the Agents at Providence, R. I., 
— Mr. E. M. Shaw, Bannigan Building. 

563 The common iron boiler tubes on the market 
throughout New England are not to be depended upon, 
and the very best tubes are none too good. 

COAL 

564 In calculating the amount of coal needed for a 
boiler, use the following: 

The average boiler burns 12 lbs. of soft coal per 
hour per square loot grate surface. Figure up the 
square feet of grate surface and multiply by 12, and 
you have the number of pounds of coal you need per 
hour. 

163 



^ 



WATER 

565 For calculating the water required for the boiler, 

roughly : 

Multiply the H. P. of your boiler by 30, which 
gives the pounds of water per hour; then divide by 
8, which gives approximately the number of gallons 
per hour. (i. e., Am. Society Mechanical Engineers 
rule is that one boiler H. P. equals 30 lbs. of water 
evaporated at 70 lbs. gauge, per hour; feed water at 
100 degrees F.) 



164 



PUMPS 

COST OF PUMPING. 

566 Triplex, belted, or geared pumps require from 
two to four lbs. coal per H. P. hour; Small steam 
pumps, twenty-five lbs. per H. P. hour; Inspirators or 
Ejectors about 100 lbs. per H. P. hour; Centrifugal 
direct connected or belted pumps from five to ten 
lbs. per H. P. hour. 

TO SET UP A CENTRIFUGAL PUMP, 

WHETHER DIRECT CONNECTED 

TO ENGINE OR NOT. 

567 See that it has a firm bed so that it will not shake 
to pieces. If belt is used with pump, attach power 
in such a way that pump will rotate or run in the di- 
rection of the scroll. Put the suction in place in a 
thorough manner and see that there are no air leaks 
in the pipes or joints. On the end of suction, place 
a combined strainer and foot valve, the latter to enable 
the engineer to prime the pump by inserting hose in 
the discharge. Use discharge pipe full size bore of 

165 



pump, and suction pipe at least one size larger. See 
that the stuffing boxes on either end of shaft are well 
packed and well oiled. Remember that no pump will 
lift water much over thirty feet, and a centrifugal 
pump scarcely over twenty-eight feet, although any 
pump with plenty of power behind it will force water 
very much further. Imperfect connections cause 
trouble and prevent starting pumps. See that the 
suction pipe is large, air-tight, and with few bends and 
elbows. 

568 In cold weather drain the pump out to prevent 
freezing, when it is not in use. 

569 For the convenience of Superintendents, the fol- 
lowing tables show the speed required and the power 
necessary for centrifugal pumps. 



160 



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169 



NOTES ON PUMPS 

570 In general, it may be said that centrifugal pumps 
are by far the most advantageous for the contracting 
business. They contain no valves, are not easily 
clogged by sand or dirt, and they are very econom- 
ically run as far as coal is concerned. However, it 
may be necessary for a Superintendent to set some 
form of a Reciprocating Steam Pump. The follow- 
ing notes will be of use : 

571 It is better, on general principles, to use the 
Duplex Pump, as it is by far the simplest. 



DIRTY VALVES 

572 The most frequent trouble in the ordinary steam 

pump comes from dirt in the water valves. In case 
the pump will not draw, remove water end cover 
and middle plate, and examine rubber valves. If 
dirty, clean the sand and grit from the seats, see that 
the rubber valves are soft and pliable, and that the 
springs are not broken and are in running order. 



170 



AIR CHAMBERS 

573 Where there is a long, hard hft, it is very useful 

to put on what is called an ''Air Chamber'' on the 
suctions. This is usually a vertical piece of pipe, 
three or four feet long, closed on the top, erected 
from the suction pipe near the pump. This air cham- 
ber tends to collect the air from the water in the suc- 
tion and prevents the suction from breaking or air 
collecting in the cylinder and cushioning between the 
piston and head. 



171 



INDEX 

RULE 

Accidents, blanks, where sent 3 

notification of, where sent 3 

photographs wanted of 94 

see effects of acid on ropes 80 

Acid, not to be stored in lockers 80 

washing down brickwork 342 

Acid, Oil and Explosives, how stored 73 

Accounts, Expense, Rules for 282 to 284 

Advertising, use portable sign on job 53 & 54 

value of photographs for 90 

Addresses of Steady Pay ]\Ien to be on file 67 

of workmen desired 17 

Additions to plans, importance of receiving orders for. . 42 

Adjoining Buildings, get photographs of 90 

Agents of Unions, privileges and limitations of 19 

Aggregates in concrete, Tables for quantities of 386 

Agreements with Unions, signing same forbidden 22 

restrictions against signing 28 

Air Chambers, care of 573 

Air Compressors, care of 457 

cooling water for 463 

advantages of governors on 466 

suggestion for piping. = 465 

rules for use of 457 to 460 

use of Reheater for 470 

tank to be furnished for 461 & 462 

valves for use of 468 to 469 

Air Valves, types and use of 468 

172 



RULE 

Alarm Boxes, location of Fire 46 

Aldermen, Board of, applications for permits 124 & 125 

Allison Boiler Tubes, always order 560 to 563 

Ambulance, post telephone number of nearest 47 

Angles in brickwork, responsibility of Bricklayer for. . 308 

Applying for Permits, instructions for 124 to 126 

Apprentice Boys, Steady Pay. Men are to help them. ... 65 

rules regarding 59 

Appurtenances of Compressors 461 & 462 

Arch Doors, fit of, in Locomotive Boilers 542 

Architects, orders from ! 6 

Artificial Stone, tables for computing quantities for.... 386 

Asphalt, how to extinguish when burning 79 

Average Freight Service, take advantage of 33 

Bags, how to pack cement 61 

Bars, how to find the w^eight of Iron 129 

how to find the weight of steel 129 

Barrels, care of engine water 407 & 408 

how to cover gasoline 77 

Batter Boards, how to make 40 

Beams, keep cement mortar away from wooden 329 

Beginning work 24 

Bellows Falls, letter from Engineer regarding 72 

Bells for Elevators, always provide duplicate 25 & 405 

for Engines, always provide duplicate 25 & 405 

Bills, duplicate and triplicate sets required 296 & 297 

general instructions 291 to 302 

of Lading, when shipping cement bags get duplicate 61 

Blisters on Boilers, treatment of 544 

Blow-ofY cocks, kind of 559 

Blow-ofY valves, condition of 543 

Blacksmith's tools for Rock Drills, list of 453 

Board of Aldermen, permits usually granted by 125 & 126 

Board Measure, how to calculate 131 & 148 

Boards, advantages of strapping 41 

173 



RULE 

Boilers, amount of coal required 564 

amount of water required 565 

blisters on, how treated 544 

blowing down of 523 & 524 

calking leaks in 547 

fittings for, to be sent with boiler 518 

fittings and tools, kinds of .^. 555 & 556 

foaming, cure of 522 

hand hammer test 548 

how to keep in good condition 526 

leaks, i^medy for 545 & 550 

Locomotive, arch doors 542 

management of 519 to 521 

patching of 549 to 550 

rules for care of 519 to 521 

scale, notes on 414 

tool chest, contents of 415 

testing of 548 

tubes, ordering of 560 to 563 

verifying w^ater level at intervals 541 

washing of 528 

Bond in Brickwork, best kind of , 306 & 307 

Boom Derricks, care of 401 

signals for 51 

Books, Manifold, Rules for keeping 132 to 140 

return of 32 

Borrowing Tools, instructions as to 535 

Boss of the Line and Wall 311, 313 to 318 

Boxes, making of 63 

mortar, making of 346 to 352 

for receipt of Suggestions Page 28 

Fire Alarm, post location of 46 

Branding Tools 81 

Breakdowns in Engines, instructions as to 25 

174 



RULE 

Brick, measuring of 148 

value of large size 12 

when condemned, disposal of l75 

Brickwork, Rules for 306 to 370 

Broken Stone, measuring of 147 to 150 

Buildings, store no Gasoline in 78 

Business Agents of Unions, treatment of 19 



Care of Boilers 519 to 521 

Concrete Mixers 383 

Engines 482 to 489 

Machinery 81 to 89 

Materials 00 

Plant 60 &84 

Tools 81 to 89 

Cards, White List, Rules for use of 32 & 285 to 290 

Camera, how to load 99 

Superintendent's responsibility for 97 

where sent and how 97 

Carpenter Foreman, to grant requests of others 68 

care of Plumb Rules and Spirit Levels 85 

responsibilities for Brickwork 309 

Carpenters, preference to men with best tools 37 

Cash Accounts (C) Rules for use of 262 to 267 

Cast Iron Plates, to find weight of 130 

Cement, amount of water to use in 373 

bags, how to pack 61 

how to pile 62 

mortar, rules for making 334 to 335 

piling of 62 & 378 

quantity specified 376 

sampling of 385 

testing of 385 

when condemned, disposal of 175 

Centre Boards for Scafifold, making of 354 

Centrifugal Pumps, notes on Pages 165 to 171 

how to set up 567 

175 



^ 



RULE 

Changes and Additions to Plans 42 

Checks for workmen, use of 181 

Checking materials 9 

quantities, Tables for, etc 128 to 131 

Chimneys, Rules for rapid construction of 355 to 370 

Tallest Chimney in Boston Page 112 

Chloride of Lime, use of 27 

City Hall, apply for permits to 124 & 126 

Clamps, inspection of guy 402 

Cleaning Flues 533 & 534 

Closet, water 27 

Clutches, Friction, care of 393 

Coal, amount needed , 564 

Coefficient of Expansion in Concrete 379 

Combination Signals 52 

Communications, how to address 2 

Compressors, Air, Rules for use of , 457 to 460 

transmission pipes for 478 to 479 

tanks for 461 

Compression strength of concrete 380 

Common Brickwork, best Bond for 307 

Condemned Brick, disposal of 175 

Cement, disposal of 175 

Lumber, disposal of 175 

Materials, disposal of 175 

Concrete Mixers, care of 383 

repairing of 82 

Concrete, amount of water to use 371 

coefficient of expansion 379 

dry, disadvantages of 371 

forms, use of wire in 377 

ramming, importance of 372 

Rules for making 371 to 386 

sand, kind of 374 

170 



KULE 

Concrete, Tables for computing amount of aggregates 386 

strength of in compression 380 

wet, advantages of 371 

Contractors' Machinery Rental & Transportation Com- 
pany, preference for 38 

Contracts, starting of new 14 

Corners in Brickwork 308 

'*Cost-Plus-A-Fixed-Sum," What it means. Page 15 & Rule 70 

Cost of pumping 566 

Rock Drilling 454 & 455 

by hand 454 

by steam 456 

Cost Reports (C R) use of 254 to 261 

Couplings of Suction Hose, save them 88 

Credits for materials, see rule 175 

Cracks in adjoining buildings, get photos of 90 

Cut Stone, washing with acid 343 

wooden wedges for 331 

Cutting handle of rubber stamps 50 

Cylinder Oil, use of 488 

kind to use 488 

Cylinders, how cracks are caused in 397 

Daily Letters (D L), Rules for 163 to 173 

,Data on Centrifugal Pumps Pages 165 to 171 

on Engines 512 to 514 

on Horse Power, general information 512 to 514 

for Horse Power, Rock Drills 452 

Dating Photographs 115 

Derrick Boom, signals for 52 

Derricks, care of falls 400 

care of in general 391 & 394 

oiling of 399 

Dirty valves, remedy for 572 

Discharge Slips, use of 177 to 181 

Discharging Workmen 177 to 181 

177 



RULE 

Divisions, sub-divisions of workmen^s time 43 

Division of workmen's time iZ 

Door Frames, how checked 9 

setting of 310 

Drawings, how to stamp and receipt for 4 

return of 32 

Drills, Rock, air required to run 481 

care of 438 to 445 

how to operate 423 to 437 

how to ship 417 

setting up 419 

Drilling Rock, cost of 454 to 455 

cost of by hand 454 

cost of by steam. 456 

Dry Steam, advantage of 527 

Duties of Engineers and Riggers 387 to 416 

Timekeeper 64 

Duplicate T Tickets 139 & 140 

Dynamite, storing of 73 to 75 



Engines, Bells, duplicates on job 405 

care of 392, 482, 493 & 494 

covering water barrels 407 & 408 

data on 512 to 514 

fittings for 482 to 489 

^Fittings and Supplies 511 

Hoisting, cleaning flues 533 & 534 

how housed 390 

how to move 409 

how to start 397 

how to ship 483 

how to reverse direction 506 

rules for running 482 to 489 

Earthquakes, Insurance against 29 

see Brickwork 307 

178 



RULE 

Elevators, bells, duplicates on job 25 & 405 

care of 392 

oil, kind to use 488 

oiling of 399 

signals for 51 

Engineer, orders from 6 

Engineers, ask for old shovels 406 

duties of 387 to 416 

how to use lubricator 493 

preference given to careful 403 

responsibilities of Head Rigger with 398 

special rules 536 to 538 

to give receipts for tools 404 

Engineers & Riggers, duties of 387 to 416 

Engine Houses, Responsibilities of Head Rigger 398 

Envelopes of workmen, disposal of unclaimed 200 

Estimates, Rule governing giving of 7 

Estimating Horse Power 514 

Estimating quantity of water for boilers 565 

Evaporation of gasoline ■■ 77 

Expansion in Concretes, coefficient of 379 

Expanders, Tube, best kind and size of 551 

Expense Account, Rules for use of 282 to 284 

Exploders, storing of 76 

Explosives, Acid and Oils, how stored 73 

Extra work, instructions as to 137 

Feed Valves, Engineer's responsibility for 532 

Films, size of 98 

Field System, books when kept 1 

ignorance of rules 21 

violation of rules 20 

Fire Alarm Box, location of, to be posted 46 

Fire Department, telephone number. 47 

Fire Insurance 29 

Firing Boilers, get old shovels 406 

179 



RULE 

Firing Boilers, best kind of fire 412 

clinkers should be removed 416 

removing clinkers 416 

Fittings, Boiler, kind of 518, 555-556 

how to ship 483 & 484 

Fittings and Supplies for Engine 511 

Flues, cleaning of 533 & 534 

Foaming Boilers, cure of 523 

Foremen, how report and when 58 

Foremen Carpenters, care of Plumb Rules and Spirit 

Levels 85 

granting others' requests 68 

responsibility of 309 

Foremen Masons, care of Plumb Rules and Spirit Level 85 

granting others' resquests 68 

responsibilities of 309 

Foremen, see importance of ''Harmony" 69 

Forms, for concrete, use of wire 377 

Manifold, where sent 151 to 162 

Formulae for estimating Horse Power 514 

for boilers 565 

Formulae and Tables on concrete 386 

for checking quantities 128 

Fusible Plug, examination of 529 

Frames, door, setting of 310 

windows and doors, how checked 9 

window, setting of 310 

Freight, Average service 33 

to be prepaid on cement bags 61 

rules for 303 to 305 

Friction Clutches, care of 393 

Garvin Falls, letter from Engineers ' 72 

Gasoline Barrels, to be covered 77 

evaporation of 77 

180 



RULE 

Gasoline, how to extinguish burning 79 

storing of 77 to 79 

Gauge Cocks, condition of 540 

Gauges, for splines 36 

Steam, kind of 555 & 556 

Water, kind of 557 & 558 

General Outlines of Field System Page 13 

Gilbreth Scaffold, Economy in use of 346 

setting up 351 

saving of labor 352 

system of taking down 353 

use of 319 

Governors, etc., for Air Compressors 466 

Grate Bars, condition of 539 

Grates, to prevent from burning 411 

Graft, suppression of 66 

"Grand-Stand Plays," futility of 69 

Granite, measuring of 147 to 150 

Gravel, measuring of 147 to 150 

Greasing, Engine parts, importance of 396 

Grease, Gudgeon, use of 396 

Guy Clamps, inspection of 402 

Gudgeon, Grease, use of 396 

"Harmony," importance of 69 

Hand drilling Rock, cost of . . . .' 455 

Headers, in Brickwork, see 307 

metallic, in Brickwork 307 

Head Rigger, Responsibilities of 398 

Hoisting Engines, cleaning flues 533 & 534 

Hollis French and Allen Hubbard, letter from 72 

Horse Power, Data 512 to 514 

how to estimate, formulae 514 

Hospitals, telephone number to be posted 47 

Hose, Suction, care of 88 

How to address cummunications, letters, etc 2 

181 



RULE 

Ignorance of Rules 21 

Inspection by Owners or Officials 5 

Inspection of Safety Valve 530 & 531 

Inspection of Scaffolding 344 to 354 

Insurance, Fire, etc 29 

Interiors, photographing of 110 

Iron Bars, to find the weight of 129 

Jobs, starting new 14 

.Labor requirements 15 

Ladders, how made 86 

Law Suits, see Photograph System 90 

Laying out work 31 

Leaks, in Boilers, Remedy 545 to 550 

Leaks, repairing of 547 

Leaking tubes, cure of 551 

Letter from Hollis French and Allen Hubbard 72 

Letters, how to address 2 

how kept 134 

return of 32 

Levels, Spirit, care of 85 

Lightning, Insurance against 29 

Lime, how to pile 62 

mortar, Rules for making 334 & 335 

use of, in Water Closets 27 

Linseed Oil, use of 341 

List of Tools Pages 79 to 84 

Loam, measuring of 147 & 150 

Location of Fire Alarm Box to be posted 46 

Lockers, store no gasoline in 80 

Locomotive Boilers, arch doors of 542 

Lowell Laboratory, how scaffolded, a good example.... 354 

Lumber, how to measure 131-148 

piling of 34 & 35 

when condemned, disposal of 175 

182 



RULE 

Machinery, care of 81 to 89 

in working order when shipped 89 

ordering duplicate parts 383 

parts of, kept together 84 

MaiHng photographs, rule for 93 

Making tool boxes 63 

Manifold Books, return of 32 

rules for keeping 132 to 140 

Manifold forms, wliere sent 151 to 162 

Mason Foremen, care of plumb rules and spirit levels. . 85 

granting others' requests 68 

responsibility for Brickwork 309 

Mass. Inst, of Tech. how scaffolded, a good example. .. 354 

Masts care of Derrick 401 

Materials, care of 60, X-Y 

checking of 9 

credits for, see rule 175 

when condemned, disposal of 175 

Material Sheets (M), Rules for 202 to 216 

Measure, Board, how to find 131-148 

Measuring, Brick 148 . 

Broken Stone 147 to 150 

Gravel 147 to 150 

Granite 147 to 150 

Lumber, method 131 & 148 

Loam 147 to 150 

Slate Pinners 147 to 150 

Stone 147 to 150 

Sand 147 to 150 

Timber, method of 131 & 148 

Measuring Sticks, economical kind 41 & 325 

Mechanics, when wanted 15 

Men's names wanted 17 

Messages, Long Distance Telephone 45 

183 



RULE 

Metallic headers in Brickwork 307 

Mixers, Concrete, care of 383 

repairing of 82 

Mortar Boxes, making of 346-352 

cement. Rules for making. 334-335 

examination of, for chimneys 359 

lime, rule for making •. 334-335 

Rules for making 333 to 340 

Negatives, how numbered 115, 118 to 122 

New Contracts, starting of, instructions as to accidents. 14 

supplies wanted 14 & 123 

New Shovels, advantage of 87 

Notes on Boiler Scale 414 

Notes on Pumps 568 

Notes on Reciprocating Steam Pumps 571 

Numbering Photographs, system of 115 

Officials, inspection by 5 

Office, unnecessary bother to 16 

Oils, Explosives and Acid, how stored 73 

Oil, Cylinder, kind to use 488 

lubricating, kind to use 488 

for Brickwork 341 

how to put out burning 79 

kind not to use 489 

quantity to use in cylinders 491 

Oiling, Derricks, Elevators, Ropes, etc 399 

down Brickwork 341 

Old Cement, storing 62 

Shovels, give to Engineer 87 & 406 

Operating Rock Drills 423 to 437 

Orders (O), Rules for use of 218 to 238 

to prevent confusion 6 

from Architect 6 

from Engineer 6 

for material given by the Owner, rule for 239 to 241 

from Owner 6 

184 



RULE 

Owners Orders, Rules for 239 to 241 

inspection 5 

orders 6 

Packing, cement bags 61 

Papers, return of 32 

Partial Shipment Blanks (P), Rules for use of 242 to 248 

Parts of machinery to be kept together 84 

Patching Boiler 549 & 550 

Pay-Roll orders (P R), use of 177 

Paying off workmen 177 to 181 

Paymasters* Requisitions, instructions on 198 

Peach Basket form for chimney tops 366 

Permits, how to obtain 124-126 

Photograph System 90 to 101 

Photographing, Rules for 90 to 101 

Photographing moving objects Ill . 

Photographs, how dated 115 

how numbered 115 

how to mark 112 

how to mail 93 & 112 

kind of paper for prints 117 

portable signs used on jobs 54 

Pinners, Slate, measuring of 147 to 150 

Piling Cement, care in 378 

Lumber , 34 & 35 

Pipes, City, for Sewer, location of 124 to 127 

for City Water, location of 124 to 127 

kind and size of 553 

line, making of 554 

Tables of Page 161 

Transmission, for air 478 & 479 

for steam . 479 & 480 

Piping for Air Compressors 465 

Plans, additions or changes to 42 

how stamped 4 

m 



RULE 

Plans, receipt of 4 

return of 32 

Plant, care of 60 

drawings for installation of 383 

notes when purchasing 38 

set up for jobs 381 

Plates, Cast Iron, to find weight of 130 

Plumb Bond, best kind 330 

Plumb of the lead, see Brickwork 308 

rules, care of 85 

Plugs, Fusible, examination of 529 

Plugging of tubes 552 

Plug valves, for Blow Off Cocks 559 

Poles, measuring 41 

Police Department, telephone number of, to be posted. . 47 

Portland Cement, use of water with 373 

Powder, storing of 73 

Presents, etc., suppressing of subscriptions for 66 

Prints of Photos not mounted 116 

Prizes for Suggestions Page 28 

Privy, temporary , 27 

Promotions, requirements for 71 

Portable Signs, use of 54 

Pumps, cost of pumping 566 

Centrifugal, how to set up 567 

notes on 570 

notes on Centrifugal Pages 165 to 171 

Reciprocating, Steam, notes on 571 

Purchase Requisitions (R), Rules for use. ; 249 to 253 

Quitting Work 24 

Railways for Stock, see Chimneys 362 

Rainy weather, see Steady Pay Men 60 

Ramming Concrete, importance of 372 

186 



RULE 

Records, see Photograph System 90 

Receipts, for materials cash, etc 11 

from Engineer 404 

of Plans 4 

Reciprocating Steam Pumps, notes on 571 

Reheater for Air Compressor, use of 470 

Removal of Engines 516 to 517 

Repairing Concrete Mixers 82 

Mixers 83 

tools 82 

Representatives of the Firm 71 

Reports, rules for 49 

Reputation of Firm, maintaining same 70 

Requisitions for Purchasing, Rules for 249 to 253 

Paymasters, instructions on 198 

Revolution Table Page 168 

Riggers, Responsibilities of 398 

and Engineers, duties of 387 to 416 

Right of Way 28 

Rock Drill, Blacksmith's tools for 453 

bits for 450 & 451 

care of 438 to 445 

data for Horse Power 452 

fittings for, use of and care of 446 

hose for, use of and care of 448 & 449 

how to operate 423 to 437 

how to ship 417 & 418 

how to start 421 

pipe for, use of and care of 446 

setting up 419 & 422 

Rock Drilling, cost of 454 & 455 

by steam, cost of 456 

Ropes, acid will destroy 80 

Wire, oiling of 399 

Rubber Stamps, cutting handles of 50 

Rules for Bills, handling of 291 to 302 

for Brickwork 306 to 370 

187 



RULE 

Rules for cards, White List 285 to 290 

for constructing tall chimneys - 355 to 370 

for Cost Report (C R) 254 to 261 

for Daily Letters (D L) 163 to 173 

for Expense Account 282 to 284 

for Freight 303 to 305 

General Page 21 

for handling of Bills 291 to 302 

ignorance of, violation of 21 

for making Concrete 371 to 386 

Mortar 333 to 340 

Scaffold 344 

for Material (M) Sheets 202 to 216 

for operating Rock Drills 423 to 437 

for Photograph System 90 to 101 

for Purchase Requisitions 249 to 253 

Plumb, care of 85 

for Requisitions 249 to 253 

for running Engines 482 to 489 

for signing Orders (O) 234 

for signing Teaming (T) Tickets. . 176 

for Setting Valves 495 to 505 

for Steady Pay Men 56 & 57 

for Suggestions and Reports 49 

for Tool list 268 to 278 

for use of Air Compressors 457 to 460 

for use of Cash Account (C) 262 to 267 

for use of Orders (O) 219 to 238 

for White List Cards 285 to 290 

Safety Valve, inspection of 530 & 531 

Sampling Cement 385 

Sand, for Concrete specifications for 374 

measuring of 147 to 150 

use to put out burning oil, etc 79 

188 



Scaffold, center boards, making of 354 

Gilbreth, economy of 346 

inspection of 344 to 354 

Rules for making 344 to 354 

Scale, Boiler, notes on 414 

Sewer Pipes, City, location of 124 to 127 

Schedules 8 

Settlements, see Photographing System 90 

Shipping Engines, how to ship 483 

Shipping Rock Drills 417 & 418 

Shortages in Materials, etc 10 

Shovels, new, advantage of 87 

old, give to Engineer 87 & 406 

Signs, 'list of, furnished by office 55 

Portable for Photographing 54 

Rules for use and placing of 53 to 55 

Signing Agreements, cautions against 28 

Orders (O), Rules for 234 

Teaming Tickets (T), Rules for 176 

Telegrams 279 to 281 

Signals, use of, for Elevators 51 

for Boom Derrick 52 

Sizes of Pipes, Data on 553 

Sketches, return of 32 

Small tools, where kept 83 

Smoking, Rules governing 26 

Snap Shots, how and when to take 102 to 106 

Specifications for sand in concrete work 374 

Speed work, see Scaffold 346 

Spirit levels, care of 85 

Splines, gauges for 36 

Stamps, rubber, cutting handles of 50 

Stamping of tools 81 

Standard weight of Wrought Iron Pipe Page 161 

Starting new contracts, instructions on 14 

supplies wanted 14 & 123 

189 



Slate Pinners, measuring of 147 to 150 

Steady Pay Men, addresses on file 67 

rules for 56 & 57 

see Apprentice Boys 65 

see importance of Harmony 69 

suppressing Subscriptions 66 

to maintain reputation of Firm 70 

Steam Engines, care of 482 & 489 

Centrifugal Pumps, Tables on Pages 167 to 169 

Gauges, kind of 555 & 556 

Pumps, reciprocating, notes on 570 

Rock Drilling, cost of 454 

Steel bars, to find the weight of 129 

checking of 9 

covering with mortar 328 

tapes 30 

Stone, Artificial, tables for computing 386 

Broken, measuring of 147 to 150 

Cut, washing of 343 

Cut, wedges for 331 

Dimension, checking of 9 

Storehouse 62 

Storing Acid, instructions as to 73 

Cement, Rule for = 62 

Dynamite 73 

Storing Explosives, instructions as to 73 

Exploders 76 

Gasoline 77, 78 & 79 

Lime, Rule for 62 

Oil, instructions as to 73 

Storing of Powder 73 

Tools 63 

Strapping Boards 41 

Strength of Concrete, Compressive 380 

Stretchers in Brickwork, see 307 

190 



Sticks, measuring . 41 

Subscriptions for presents, etc 66 

Sub-Contractors, to pay for telephone calls 48 

Sub-Divisions, importance of marking 137 

work and orders 43 

Suction Hose, care of 88 

Suggestions, Boxes for receipt of Page 28 

Prizes for Page 28 

. Rules for 49 

Superintendent, Handle work to cause letters of 

recommendation 72 

orders from Owner, etc 6 

responsibility for Camera and Transit. 97 & 39 

responsibility for Daily Letters 163 to 173 

see Apprentice Boys 65 

see importance of Harmony 69 

see Timekeeper, duties of 64 

see tool boxes, making of 63 

suppressing subscriptions 66 

Supplies, Office, wanted for new Contracts 14 & 123 

and Fittings of Engine 511 

System for Photographs 90 to 101 

Setting up the Gilbreth Scaffold Page 102 

Taking down the Gilbreth Scaffold. ... Page 106 

Tables and Formulae for Concrete 386 

for checking quantities 128 

Table of data on Centrifugal Pumps Pages 167 to 169 

weights of Standard Wrought Iron Pipe. .Page 161 

Tall Chimneys, construction of 355 to 370 

Tanks of Air Compressors 461 

Tapes 30 

Tar, how to put out burning 79 

Team work, advantage of 69 

Teaming Tickets (T), use of 174 to 176 

191 



Telegrams, how to address 2 & 279 to 280 

Rules for sending, etc 279 to 281 

Telephone, Important numbers posted 47 

Long Distance calls 45 

Sub-Contractors' calls charged 48 

where placed 44 

Temporary Water Closets 27 

Testing Boilers 548 

Cement 385 

T. Tickets, duplicates 139 & 140 

T. Tickets, when given 138 to 150 

Tickets (T) Teaming, use of 174 to 176 

Ties, wire cloth, in chimneys 355 

Time Exposures, how, when and where to take 107 to 109 

Book Sheets (T B), Rules for 182 to 201 

Charging of Division 13 

Timekeepers, duty of 64 

how report and to whom 58 

Responsibility for Daily Letters... 163 to 173 

see Apprentice Boys 65 

see importance of "Harmony'* 69 

suppression subscriptions 66 

Timber, how to measure 131 

Ting, see Brickwork 308 

Tool House, no dynamite stored in 73 

store no gasoline 78 

Tool Boxes, making of 63 

Box for small tools 83 

Chest for Boiler 415 

Tools, adjustment of 490 

branding of 81 

Blacksmith's, for Rock Drills 453 

Boiler, Kinds of 555 & 556 

borrowing of 535 

care of 81 to 89 

carpenter with best tools given preference 37 

192 



Tools, in working: order when shipped 89 

list of Pages 79 to 84 

list (T L), Rules for 268 to 278 

purchasing, preference to 38 

repairing of 82 

receipt from Engineer 404 

storing of . 63 

stamping of 81 

small, where kept 83 

Transits 30 & 39 

Tubes, Boiler, ordering new 560 & 563 

cure of leaking 551 

plugging of 553 

Tube Expanders, best kind, size of 551 

Unions, Agreements with 22 

Business agents 19 

treatment of 18 

United Concrete Machinery Company 384 

Vacations, address of Steady Pay Men to be on file. .. . 67 

Valves for Air Compressors, use of 468 & 469 

blow off, condition of 543 

feed. Engineers responsibility for 532 

Plug, for Blow off cock 559 

remedy of dirty 572 

Safety, inspection of 530 & 531 

setting of^ Rules for 495 to 505 

Velox paper used for Photo prints 117 

Violations of rules 21 

Water, amount required for Boilers 565 

amount used in Portland Cement 373 

Closets 27 

cooling of, for Air Compressors 463 

gauges. Kind oi 557 & 558 

193 



Water, keep water in Ash Box 411 

barrels, for Engines 407 & 408 

Departments, plans of City pipes 124 to 127 

Pipes, City, location of 124 to 127 

Wash Boiler 528 

Washing Cut Stone 343 

Wedges, Best kind for Cut Stone 331 

Weight of Cast Iron Plates, how to find 130 

Iron Bars, how to find 129 

Steel Bars, how to find 129 

Wrought Iron Pipe Page 161 

Where Manifold Forms are to be sent 151 to 162 

White List Cards, Rules for 32 & 285 to 290 

Whistles, Rules concerning 23 

Window Frames, setting of 310 

how checked 9 

Wire cloth ties in chimney work 355 

for use in forms 377 

ropes, oiling of 399 

Wooden Beams, not touched with mortar 329 

Wedges, for cut stone 331 

Workmen's Checks, use of 181 

envelopes, unclaimed, disposal of 200 

names, wanted 17 

time, division of 13 

Written Orders 215 &217 

Wrought Iron Pipe, Standard weights of Page 161 



194 



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$4.00. One Year, Foreign Countries, $6.00. 



Electrical Review Publishing Co., 

13-21 Park Row, New York 

ManKattanBldg., 95 Milk Street, 42 Old Broad St., 

Chicago. 111. Boston, Mass, London, E. C. England 



rail^^ review 

r\ ENGINEERING—^ 

Established June, 1868, and now in its Fortieth Year 



PUBLISHED EVERY SATURDAY 

Circulation larger than that of any other railway- 
weekly In the world. Especially strong among the en- 
gineering and mechanical departments. Distributed 
through every state and territory in the Union, Canada 
and Mexico in very close proportion to the number of 
railway officials in each. 

Devoted to the interests of Railw^ay Trans- 
portation m all its pnases; Civjl, Meckanical 
and Electrical Engineering; Political and 
Social Economy; Xrafric and Ne^vs. A 
Practical Paper for Practical Railway Men 
and all interested, actively or prospectively, 
m Railway or Engineering Work; technical, 
sound, reliable, independent and readable. 
RicUy Illustrated. 

Subscription Price, $4.00 per year in the United States 
and Mexico; $5.00 per year, postpaid, to other coun- 
tries. 

Monthly Mechanical Eng-ineeringf Edition, devoted prin- 
cipally to Shops, Locomotives and Cars. $1.00 a year. 

Monthly Electrical Engfineering* Edition, Electricity as 
related to Transportation. $1.00 a year. 

Monthly Construction and Maintenance Edition, Track 
and Structures. $1.00 a year. 

Foreign postage on each of these is 50 cts. additional 
per year. 

Advertising* Bates will be furnished upon application. 
The railway paper that is read and hence the one to 
advertise in. The only railway journal officially rec- 
ognized for the publication of "Proposal" advertise- 
ments of Engineering Department, United States Gov- 
ernment. Highest award in technical journalism by 
the World's Expositions. 

Ine Rail^v^ay and Engineering Review 

315 Dearborn Street, Chicago 



$2.00 worth for $1.25 

Concrete Engineering 

Monthly 

The only Journal in America de- 
voted Exclusively to the Engineer- 
ing side of Concrete Construction. 
Price, One Dollar A Year 

Concrete Engineer's and 
Contractor's Pocket Book 

192 pages 3x4 j^ inches. 

The first and only book of this kind 
published in America. Price, $1.00 
"Just full of the kind of information a 
busy man wants on concrete lines/' 
B. F. MEINECKE, Chief Engineer, 
Swift & Co., Packers. 

Both for $1.25 

Technical Publishing Co. 

Caxton Building, Cleveland 



There is but one Standard Publication upon 
all forms of Portland Cement Construction 



"Your magazine on concrete 
is about the best 'school of 
correspondence' in and on all 
subjects relating to 'Queen Ce- 
Ment.' D. E. Helmick, 

Chicago, 111." 

"I have been looking for the 
best monthly of its kind and 
see nothing better than Con- 
crete. Maskell Ewing, 

St. Paul, Minn." 

"We are very much pleased 
with Concrete as a technical 
magazine. M. E. Chapin, 
The Woodruff Co., 
San Francisco, Cal." 

'T wish' your publication as 
ixn educator. S. M. Scruggs, 
Jacksonville, Fla." 

"I enclose $1.00 herewith to 
renew my subscription for 
Concrete, which I consider one 
of the best trade magazines 
published, of inestimable value 
to contractors and concrete 
workers. J. L. Williams, 

Bevier, Mo." 



"Your magazine for men in 
our line of business, is in a 
class by itself. 

J. J. McKeone, 
Washington, Iowa." 

"I am very glad I began to 
take your paper. It has been 
very instructive and I have 
gotten many valuable hints 
from it. Thank you for re- 
minding me that it was time 
to pay up, as I do not wish to 
miss one number of Concrete. 
It is worth much more than 
you charge. 

Charles Swenson, 
Stamford, Conn. 

You certainly get out the 
best magazine in the line of 
concrete work that has been 
on the writer's desk for the 
last three years, and we try to 
take them all. 

"Thanking you for the splen- 
did effort you are making to 
'make good' the concrete in- 
dustry, we remain, 

Manley Construction Co., 
Chattanooga, Tenn." 




Pub-/ 
(ished fi 
Mon- 1^ 

thlyX 



Concrete is the most widely read journal in its field and 
has the largest bona fide circulation among that class of people 
directly interested in the cement and concrete industry. Its 
editorial matter is practical and precise. It has more advertising 
than any other journal in this field and its advertisers are reliable. 
Sample copies will be sent free upon request. 



CEMENT SIDEWALKS 



Plain, everyday advice on how to make cement sidewalks is 
contained in our new booklet, "Cement Sidewalks." This book- 
let covers every part of sidewalk making and is designed for 
practical purposes. It is small and will fit into your coat 
pocket. Price, 25 cents. 

Concrete Publishing Company 

25 Newberry Building • - - Detroit, Mich. 



A Special Offer 

"'The Concrete Age" is one of the most practical papers in its field. 
It is profusely illustrated and contains the best articles on concrete con- 
struction in all lines. Every issue is worth the price of a years' sub- 
scription, which is $1 per year. 

"The Cement Worker's Hand Book " contains over 100 closely 
printed pages, bound in yellow cloth, over 50 subjects on concrete con- 
struction are fully treated and the book is invaluable to the concrete 
worker, price 25 cents a copy. 

"'Pictorial Poss'bilities of Cement Stone" is an album of fine half 
tone illustrations, showing all classes of concrete houses from the $900 
cottage to the $7,000 home. It sho^vs the builder what can be done -Mvith 
■concrete stone in home and factory building. Price 25 cents a copy. 

SPECIAL OFFER: — Send us $1 now and we will mail you 
The Concrete Age one year and also send you ""The Cement Worker's 
Hand-Book' and ""Pictorial Possibilities of Cement Stone." This offer 
is open for a limited time only. Send today. Address, 

Concrete Age Publishing Co., 

Box 846, Atlanta, Ga. 



PRACTICAL CEMENT TESTING 

By W. PURVIS TAYLOR. M. S.. C. E. 
Engineer in charge of Philadelphia Municipal Testing Laboratory 

This is the first practical and exhaustive treatise on this im- 
portant subject. It has already been adopted as a text book by the 
University of Pennsylvania and leading technical schools. Each 
chapter contains a minute description of the metliods followed in the 
author's laboratory and many valuable suggestions as to the "how" 
and "why" of cement testing. The observations on the interpretation 
of results, one of the most difficult tasks of the novice, are espe- 
cially pertinent and are expressed in a fair and conservative manner. 

The book is so complete that it can be put in the hands of a 
young engineer with confidence that it will enable him to make 
reliable tests on cement. The wealth of photographs and line cuts 
furnish the pictorial examples of how to conduct cement tests, and 
the 300 pages of text are so explicit that even the most inexperienced 
man can soon learn the art of cement testing. 

Cloth, 6x9 inches; 330 pages; 142 illustrations; 58 tables; $3.00 net, postpaid. 

THE MYRON C. CLARK PUBLISHING COMPANY 

355 Dearborn St., Chicago, III. 



Municipal Engineering 
Magazine 



The most practical and helpful publication in the 
municipal engineering-, contracting and concrete con- 
struction field. 

Special departments in every issue devoted to paving, 
sewerage, sewage disposal, water works, street lighting, 
garbage disposal, bridges, parks, and all forms of con- 
crete construction. 

For more than seventeen years the leading publica- 
tion in its field. Recognized everywhere as the highest 
authority on subjects within its province, it is fre- 
quently quoted by professional men of the highest 
standing and the press of the country. 

Nearly a thousand pages of reading matter in a year. 
Subscription price, $2.00; Canada, $2.50; foreign, $2.75. 



Hand Book for Cement Users 

This book meets the practical everyday needs of the 
engineer, contractor, architect and cement worker, who 
wants to know how to select the best cement, how to 
write specifications for the cement and the work in 
which it is to go, how to put the work together and 
how to estimate the quantities of materials required 
and their cost. 370 pages, bound in cloth. Price, $3.00. 
Carriage prepaid. 



Directory of American Cement 
Industries 

The standard reference book of the cement field. 
Complete lists of cement manufacturers, dealers, sales 
agents and engineers and contractors using cement, 
with credit rating and estimate of amount of cement 
used. A very useful book to any one doing business 
in the cement field. 636 pages, bound in cloth. Price, 
$5.00. Carriage prepaid. 



Municipal Engineering Company 

Commercial Club Building, Indianapolis, Ind. 



ROCK EXCAVATION-Methods and CostI 

By HALBERT P. GILLETTE, M. Am. Soc. C. E. 
Editor ♦• Engineer ing=Contracting.* 

One superintendent who purchased this book about a 
year ago writes us that he has cut the cost of his drilling and 
blasting practically in two since he received the book and ap- 
plied the methods given by Mr. Gillette. We doubt whether 
such a statement has ever before been truthfully made of 
any books except those written by Mr. Gillette. His books 
are practical books for practical men, and the keynote 
throughout is economy — how to save money on the work 
and how to increase the output. *'Rock Excavation" has 
chapters describing: — 

Rocks and Their Properties — Methods and Cost of Hand Drilling — Ma- 
chine Drills and Their Use — Steam and Compressed Air Plants — The Cost 
of Machine Drilling — Cost of Diamond Drilling — Explosives — Charging and 
Firing — Methods of Blasting — Cost of Loading and Transporting Rock — 
Quarrying Stone — Open Cut Excavation — Methods and Costs on the Chicago 
Drainage Canal — Cost of Trenches and Subways — Subaqueous Excavation — 
Cost of Railway Tunnels — Cost of Drifting, Shaft Sinking and Stoping. 

Clotb, S}ix7 in., 384 pa^es, 56 figores and illustration, $3 net postpaid. 

THE MYRON C. CLARK PUBLISHING CO., 
355 Dearborn Street, Chicago. 



Ts 



lome of Our Books 



BERG, "American ^"3^^ Bridges and Buildings" $2.50 

"Timber Test RecdtW* 50 



FALK, "Cements, Mortars and Concretes" 2.50 

FISH, "Mathematics of Paper Location of a Railroad*' 25 

GILBRETH, **Field System'* 3.00 

GILLETTE, "Handbook of Cost Data" 4.00 

"Rock Excavation, Methods and Cost" 3.00 

"Earthwork and Its Cost" 2.00 

"Economics of Road Construction" 1.00 

HEIDENRICH, "Engineer's Pocketbook of Reinforced Concrete" 3.00 

INSKIP, "Tables of Logs and Squares" 3.00 

"Mathematical and Graphical Roof Framing" (2 vols.) 2.00 

KINDELAN, "Trackman's Helper" 1.50 

LAVIS, "Railroad Location, Surveys and Estimates" 3.00 

LOVELL, "Practical Switchwork" 1.00 

REID, "Concrete and Reinforced Concrete Construction" 5.00 

SMITH, "Maintenance of Way Standards on American Railroads".... 1.50 

"Railway Curves for Practical Trackmen" 1.00 

"Standard Turnouts on American Railroads" 1.00 

TAYLOR, "Practical Cement Testing" 3.00 

If you want sample pages, circulars or catalogues covering any class of 
BOOKS for engineers, architects, contractors or railway men, write to us. 

The Myron C. Clark Publishing Co., Chicago 



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